How Long to Read Energy Development and Recovery in South Central Wyoming

How Long Does it Take to Read Energy Development and Recovery in South Central Wyoming?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 21 minutes to read Energy Development and Recovery in South Central Wyoming by Otgonsuren Avirmed

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Energy development is expanding rapidly in sagebrush ecosystems of Western North America. This ecosystem is a critical habitat for many obligate wildlife species, and contains substantial soil carbon. Although we have some knowledge about how wildlife species are affected by energy development, there is much that remains to be understood about how energy development affects sagebrush ecosystem structure and function. In my research, I explored 1) how fast sagebrush plant communities recover from oil and gas development; 2) how soil organic matter was impacted by historical oil and gas development; and 3) how oil and gas development and wind development affect ecosystem production. My results showed that some components of the sagebrush plant communities recover in ~ 90 years after oil and gas development, but other components to do not recover at all. Sagebrush density recovered in ~65 years, and both grass and shrub cover recovered to pre-disturbance levels in 30 years. However, there was no indication of any recovery of forbs, nor any trend toward recovery. Since forbs represent a critical component of the biological diversity of sagebrush systems, these results indicate that reclamation activities should target forbs to promote plant diversity in sagebrush ecosystems. Ninety years of oil and gas development had no effect on labile, recalcitrant, or total soil organic matter pools. Site specific conditions such as soils texture and shrub-induced heterogeneity explained substantial variance in soil organic matter pools, but the disturbance from oil and gas development showed no significant impact. While the disturbance had no effect on soil organic matter, it did eliminate the heterogeneity associated with individual shrubs. I found that shrub-induced heterogeneity recovered in about 45 years in loamy sand soils, but in sandy soils, heterogeneity did not recover. On the other hand, the insignificant effect of disturbance on soil organic matter leads us re-think modern well development practices: other studies on recent oil and gas sites show substantial losses of soil organic matter in soils that have been removed, stockpiled, and replaced, due to the physical disturbance of soils. This raises into question some of the current reclamation practices and their influence on soil organic matter, relative to pre-reclamation development. Evaluation of the landscape scale impacts of energy development did not show effects on aboveground production as measured by the annual integral of NDVI. Inter-annual variability had significant effects on both NDVI and seasonality of production. Wind farms, located in higher elevations tend to have higher production than oil and gas wells. More evaluation of remotely sensed indicators of ecosystem structure and function will be important, including growing season NDVI.

How long is Energy Development and Recovery in South Central Wyoming?

Energy Development and Recovery in South Central Wyoming by Otgonsuren Avirmed is 79 pages long, and a total of 20,461 words.

This makes it 27% the length of the average book. It also has 25% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Energy Development and Recovery in South Central Wyoming Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 1 hour and 51 minutes to read Energy Development and Recovery in South Central Wyoming aloud.

What Reading Level is Energy Development and Recovery in South Central Wyoming?

Energy Development and Recovery in South Central Wyoming is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Energy Development and Recovery in South Central Wyoming?

Energy Development and Recovery in South Central Wyoming by Otgonsuren Avirmed is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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