How Long to Read Evaluating Endocrine Disruption in Receiving Waters

How Long Does it Take to Read Evaluating Endocrine Disruption in Receiving Waters?

It takes the average reader 4 hours and 44 minutes to read Evaluating Endocrine Disruption in Receiving Waters by P. V. Cline

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

In recent years, concerns have been raised that low concentrations of chemicals may alter the normal functions of the endocrine system, resulting in potentially significant adverse effects on growth, reproduction, and/or development. For domestic wastewater discharges to surface water bodies, estrogenic activity of effluents has been suggested by chemical analysis, biomarkers, and /or in vitro assays. Chemical Measurements. Using sensitive analytical techniques, natural or synthetic hormones and chemicals that mimic estrogen, have been detected in some domestic wastewater effluents and associated watersheds at low concentrations. Biomarkers. Several studies have demonstrated physiological changes in fish that may be attributed to exposure to estrogenic compounds. These include the presence of vitellogenin protein in male fish and/or intersex conditions. In vitro assays. The Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) has been used to characterize estrogenicity of effluents, influents, biosolids and surface waters. This two-year WERF project explored approaches to evaluate the potential for biomarker formation as a result of effluent exposures, and the subsequent relevance of the emerging assays and physiological measurements on potential adverse impacts to individuals or populations of fish in the receiving streams. The endocrine system is complex, and many factors can influence the physiological measurements, including methods, sex, age, reproductive status, seasonal and circadian rhythms, diet, temperature, etc. and produce transient changes in physiology but no significant effect on the individual.

How long is Evaluating Endocrine Disruption in Receiving Waters?

Evaluating Endocrine Disruption in Receiving Waters by P. V. Cline is 277 pages long, and a total of 71,189 words.

This makes it 93% the length of the average book. It also has 87% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Evaluating Endocrine Disruption in Receiving Waters Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 6 hours and 29 minutes to read Evaluating Endocrine Disruption in Receiving Waters aloud.

What Reading Level is Evaluating Endocrine Disruption in Receiving Waters?

Evaluating Endocrine Disruption in Receiving Waters is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Evaluating Endocrine Disruption in Receiving Waters?

Evaluating Endocrine Disruption in Receiving Waters by P. V. Cline is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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