How Long to Read Experimental Investigations on Particle Number Emissions from GDI Engines

How Long Does it Take to Read Experimental Investigations on Particle Number Emissions from GDI Engines?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 51 minutes to read Experimental Investigations on Particle Number Emissions from GDI Engines by Markus Bertsch

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

This thesis discusses experimental investigations to reduce particle number emissions from gasoline engines with direct injection. Measures on a single cylinder research engine with combined usage of a particle number measurement system, a particle size distribution measurement system as well as optical diagnostics and thermodynamic analysis enable an in-depth assessment of particle formation and oxidation. Therefore, numerous optical diagnostic techniques for spray visualisation (Mie-scattering, High-Speed PIV) and soot detection (High-Speed-Imaging, Fiber optical diagnostics) are deployed. Two injectors with different hydraulic flows but identical spray-targeting are characterised and compared by measurements in a pressurised chamber. The operation at higher engine load and low engine speed is in the focus of the experimental work at the engine test bench. Thereby, the low flow velocities in the combustion chamber, caused by the low engine speed, as well as the large amount of fuel injected are major challenges for the mixture formation process. A substantial part of the thesis thus focusses on the detailed analysis of the mixture formation process, which is consisting of fuel injection, interaction of the in-cylinder charge motion with the fuel injected and the fuel properties. Measures for the optimisation of the mixture formation process and the minimisation of the particle number emissions are analysed and evaluated. The charge motion is manipulated by the impression of a directed flow, the variation of the valve timings and valve open curve. The injection process is influenced by a reduction of the hydraulic flow of the injector and an increase of the injection pressure up to 50 MPa. The investigations show fundamental effects and potentials of different variation parameters concerning their emissions reduction potential at the exemplary operation at high engine load. Due to the simultaneous analysis of the in-cylinder charge motion and a thermodynamic analysis, the results can be transferred to different engines.

How long is Experimental Investigations on Particle Number Emissions from GDI Engines?

Experimental Investigations on Particle Number Emissions from GDI Engines by Markus Bertsch is 167 pages long, and a total of 42,919 words.

This makes it 56% the length of the average book. It also has 52% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Experimental Investigations on Particle Number Emissions from GDI Engines Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 54 minutes to read Experimental Investigations on Particle Number Emissions from GDI Engines aloud.

What Reading Level is Experimental Investigations on Particle Number Emissions from GDI Engines?

Experimental Investigations on Particle Number Emissions from GDI Engines is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Experimental Investigations on Particle Number Emissions from GDI Engines?

Experimental Investigations on Particle Number Emissions from GDI Engines by Markus Bertsch is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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