How Long to Read Fate and Persistence of Pathogens Subjected to Disinfection

How Long Does it Take to Read Fate and Persistence of Pathogens Subjected to Disinfection?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 5 minutes to read Fate and Persistence of Pathogens Subjected to Disinfection by Karl G. Linden

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Disinfection of wastewater is a necessary treatment process for protecting the public from potential exposure to pathogenic microorganisms because many wastewater effluents are discharged into water bodies that may be used for recreation or as future drinking water supplies. Two common forms of disinfection are chlorine and ultraviolet (UV) light. However, microorganisms differ in their susceptibility to UV and chlorine disinfectants. It is necessary to understand how different classes of pathogens respond to UV and chlorine disinfection processes in wastewater to better develop strategies for optimizing the treatment of pathogens in wastewater. It is also recognized that water quality may impact disinfection effectiveness, such as protection of pathogen by particles and disinfectant demand. This study investigated bacteria, viruses and protozoan pathogens. All species of bacteria tested were susceptible to both UV and chlorine, despite differences in antibiotic resistance and tendency to aggregate. Upon exposure to disinfection conditions that could indicate viability of the bacteria tested, but not culturability using common methods, it was found that UV and chlorine were effective in eliminating the capability of viable but non-culturable bacteria to resuscitate and become re-infective. Clostridium spores were resistant to free chlorine and UV disinfection but found to be susceptible to long exposure to monochloramine. Cryptosporidium was resistant to all chlorine forms but very susceptible to UV irradiation. Pathogenic and indicator viruses tested were very susceptible to free chlorine and UV disinfection. UV radiation throughout the 200 to 300 nm range was effective for inactivation of viruses and C. parvum, but wavelengths between 260-270 nm and below 220 nm appeared to be more effective for viruses, suggesting a possible advantage for polychromatic UV sources. Sequential disinfection strategies were proposed and tested to enhance inactivation of various microorganisms. One scenario integrated UV disinfection followed by dynamic chloramination through addition of free chlorine and subsequent transformation to combined chlorine. Further, disinfection of microorganisms in wastewater presents challenges that are inherent to the water matrix, such as pathogens associated with particles. UV and chlorine were both effective for disinfection of coliform in wastewater but chlorine was found to be more effective during long contact times for inactivation of particle associated coliform. In addition to coliform, both Cryptosporidium parvum and Salmonella typhimurium were identified as being particle associated in wastewater using molecular approaches developed to detect microbes in environmental samples

How long is Fate and Persistence of Pathogens Subjected to Disinfection?

Fate and Persistence of Pathogens Subjected to Disinfection by Karl G. Linden is 124 pages long, and a total of 31,496 words.

This makes it 42% the length of the average book. It also has 38% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Fate and Persistence of Pathogens Subjected to Disinfection Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 2 hours and 52 minutes to read Fate and Persistence of Pathogens Subjected to Disinfection aloud.

What Reading Level is Fate and Persistence of Pathogens Subjected to Disinfection?

Fate and Persistence of Pathogens Subjected to Disinfection is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Fate and Persistence of Pathogens Subjected to Disinfection?

Fate and Persistence of Pathogens Subjected to Disinfection by Karl G. Linden is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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