How Long to Read Femtosecond Laser 3D Micromachining for Microfluidic and Optofluidic Applications

How Long Does it Take to Read Femtosecond Laser 3D Micromachining for Microfluidic and Optofluidic Applications?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 13 minutes to read Femtosecond Laser 3D Micromachining for Microfluidic and Optofluidic Applications by Koji Sugioka

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Femtosecond lasers opened up new avenue in materials processing due to its unique features of ultrashort pulse width and extremely high peak intensity. One of the most important features of femtosecond laser processing is that strong absorption can be induced even by materials which are transparent to the femtosecond laser beam due to nonlinear multiphoton absorption. The multiphoton absorption allows us to perform not only surface but also three-dimensionally internal microfabrication of transparent materials such as glass. This capability makes it possible to directly fabricate three-dimensional microfluidics, micromechanics, microelectronics and microoptics embedded in the glass. Further, these microcomponents can be easily integrated in a single glass microchip by the simple procedure using the femtosecond laser. Thus, the femtosecond laser processing provides some advantages over conventional methods such as traditional semiconductor processing or soft lithography for fabrication of microfluidic, optofludic and lab-on-a-chip devices and thereby many researches on this topic are currently being carried out. This book presents a comprehensive review on the state of the art and future prospects of femtosecond laser processing for fabrication of microfluidics and optofludics including principle of femtosecond laser processing, detailed fabrication procedures of each microcomponent and practical applications to biochemical analysis.

How long is Femtosecond Laser 3D Micromachining for Microfluidic and Optofluidic Applications?

Femtosecond Laser 3D Micromachining for Microfluidic and Optofluidic Applications by Koji Sugioka is 129 pages long, and a total of 33,411 words.

This makes it 44% the length of the average book. It also has 41% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Femtosecond Laser 3D Micromachining for Microfluidic and Optofluidic Applications Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 2 minutes to read Femtosecond Laser 3D Micromachining for Microfluidic and Optofluidic Applications aloud.

What Reading Level is Femtosecond Laser 3D Micromachining for Microfluidic and Optofluidic Applications?

Femtosecond Laser 3D Micromachining for Microfluidic and Optofluidic Applications is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Femtosecond Laser 3D Micromachining for Microfluidic and Optofluidic Applications?

Femtosecond Laser 3D Micromachining for Microfluidic and Optofluidic Applications by Koji Sugioka is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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