How Long to Read Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings

How Long Does it Take to Read Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings?

It takes the average reader 5 hours and 6 minutes to read Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings by Aleksandra A. Panyutina

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

This book offers a new explanation for the development of flight in mammals and offers detailed morphological descriptions of mammals with flapping flight. The skeletomuscular apparatus of the shoulder girdle and forelimbs of tree shrews, flying lemurs and bats is described in detail. Special attention is paid to the recognition of peculiar features of the skeleton and joints. For the basic locomotor patterns of flying lemurs and bats, the kinematic models of the shoulder girdle elements are developed. The most important locomotor postures of these animals are analyzed by means of statics. The key structural characters of the shoulder girdle and forelimbs of flying lemurs and bats, the formation of which provided transition of mammals from terrestrial locomotion to gliding and then, to flapping flight, are recognized. The concept is proposed that preadaptations preceding the acquisition of flapping flight could have come from widely sprawled forelimb posture while gliding from tree to tree and running up the thick trunks. It is shown that flying lemur is an adequate morphofunctional model for an ancestral stage of bats. The evolutionary ecomorphological scenario describing probable transformational stages of typical parasagittal limbs of chiropteran ancestors into wings is developed.

How long is Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings?

Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings by Aleksandra A. Panyutina is 303 pages long, and a total of 76,659 words.

This makes it 102% the length of the average book. It also has 94% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 6 hours and 58 minutes to read Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings aloud.

What Reading Level is Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings?

Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings?

Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings by Aleksandra A. Panyutina is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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