How Long to Read Focus on Sickle Cell Research

How Long Does it Take to Read Focus on Sickle Cell Research?

It takes the average reader 4 hours and 32 minutes to read Focus on Sickle Cell Research by Ralph L. Plasmar

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Sickle cell anaemia is an inherited blood disorder, characterised primarily by chronic anaemia and periodic episodes of pain and occurring in approximately 1 in every 400 African-American infants born in the United States each year. Individuals of Mediterranean, Arabian, Caribbean, South and Central American, and East Indian ancestry can also be affected. The underlying problem involves haemoglobin, a component of the red cells in the blood. The haemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell carry oxygen from the lungs to the body organs and tissues and bring back carbon dioxide to the lungs. In sickle cell anaemia, the haemoglobin is defective. After the haemoglobin molecules give up their oxygen, some of them may cluster together and form long, rod-like structures. These structures cause the red blood cells to become stiff and to assume a sickle shape. Unlike normal red cells, which are usually smooth and donut-shaped, the sickled red cells cannot squeeze through small blood vessels. Instead, they stack up and cause blockages that deprive the organs and tissue of oxygen-carrying blood. This process produces the periodic episodes of pain and ultimately can damage the tissues and vital organs and lead to other serious medical problems. Unlike normal red blood cells, which last about 120 days in the bloodstream, sickled red cells die after only about 10 to 20 days. Because they cannot be replaced fast enough, the blood is chronically short of red blood cells, a condition called anaemia. Sickle cell anaemia is caused by an error in the gene that tells the body how to make haemoglobin. The defective gene tells the body to make the abnormal haemoglobin that results in deformed red blood cells. This book gathers the latest research in this important field.

How long is Focus on Sickle Cell Research?

Focus on Sickle Cell Research by Ralph L. Plasmar is 266 pages long, and a total of 68,096 words.

This makes it 90% the length of the average book. It also has 83% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Focus on Sickle Cell Research Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 6 hours and 12 minutes to read Focus on Sickle Cell Research aloud.

What Reading Level is Focus on Sickle Cell Research?

Focus on Sickle Cell Research is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Focus on Sickle Cell Research?

Focus on Sickle Cell Research by Ralph L. Plasmar is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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