How Long to Read Free Radical Pathophysiology

How Long Does it Take to Read Free Radical Pathophysiology?

It takes the average reader 7 hours and 30 minutes to read Free Radical Pathophysiology by Silvia Alvarez

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Free radicals are defined as any chemical species capable of independent existence, which contains at least one unpaired electron. Molecular divalent oxygen itself is by definition a free radical. The term reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are freely used in the literature. They refer to free radicals such as superoxide anion (O2"-), hydroxyl radical (HO") and nitric oxide (NO), and even to the non-radicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). It has been shown that ROS and RNS are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes such as mutation, carcinogenesis, aging, atherosclerosis, inflammation, ischemia-reperfusion, and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the importance of mitochondrial metabolism of these species in pathophysiological events, has been addressed. We believe that the readers of this book will find the real frontline areas of free radical research in pathophysiology. There is a bright future for investigations in this area, and we hope that this book will be helpful to every person interested in free radicals. This book has 24 chapters that are divided into 5 major sections that lead from basic concepts in free radical biology to clinically applied investigations. The book begins with an updated overview of basic principles on oxidative and nitrosative stress (Section 1). It takes us through the concept of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, 3-nitrotyrosine and nitrated lipids as markers of nitrosative stress, the effect of ferritin on ascorbyl radical content, and ends with the description of the antioxidant network and the relevance of flavanols and procyanidins for disease. Section 2 addresses the importance of mitochondria in pathophysiology. It is reviewed not only the role of mitochondria in cell death and the importance of the uncoupling proteins, but the nitric oxide metabolism and mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase from heart, as well. This section ends reviewing the relationship between mitochondrial oxidative stress and the permeability transition. The role of free radicals in inflammatory conditions is described in section 3. By starting with the discussion of the oxygen/nitric oxide metabolism in sepsis and the oxidative stress generated by the exposition to particulate matter, it ends with actualizations on the role of iron and the therapeutic role of melatonin in inflammation and sepsis. Section 4 focuses on the involvement of free radicals in neurodegeneration. The topics discussed includes: the importance of nitric oxide metabolism in neurodegenerative pathways, mitochondrial function in neuronal aging and plasticity, and the role of vitagenes in the cellular stress tolerance during aging and neurodegeneration. The last, but not least section (section 5) returns to the concept of oxidative stress and is discussed within the scope of different pathologies and related processes. This section begins with pathologies as alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with obesity and age related macular degeneration and glaucoma. It ends with the role and importance of oxygen free radicals in liver preconditioning, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and in an experimental model of choline deficiency. Bringing together so many internationally recognized authors was not an easy task. We are grateful to them, who worked very hard to produce reviews of high scientific quality. This concerted effort makes the book an updated reference in the involvement of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in physiological and pathological processes. We are also grateful to Dr. S. G. Pandalai from Transworld Research Network, without whose support this project would have never been completed.

How long is Free Radical Pathophysiology?

Free Radical Pathophysiology by Silvia Alvarez is 450 pages long, and a total of 112,500 words.

This makes it 152% the length of the average book. It also has 137% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Free Radical Pathophysiology Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 10 hours and 14 minutes to read Free Radical Pathophysiology aloud.

What Reading Level is Free Radical Pathophysiology?

Free Radical Pathophysiology is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Free Radical Pathophysiology?

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