How Long to Read Glycolysis at 75: Is it Time to Tweak the First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway in History?

How Long Does it Take to Read Glycolysis at 75: Is it Time to Tweak the First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway in History??

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 12 minutes to read Glycolysis at 75: Is it Time to Tweak the First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway in History? by Avital Schurr

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Glycolysis, the pathway of enzymatic reactions responsible for the breakdown of glucose into two trioses and further into pyruvate or lactate, was elucidated in 1940. For more than seven decades, it has been taught precisely the way its sequence was proposed by Embden, Meyerhof and Parnas. Accordingly, two outcomes of this pathway were proposed, an aerobic glycolysis, with pyruvate as its final product, and an anaerobic glycolysis, identical to the aerobic one, except for an additional reaction, where pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Several studies in the 1980s have shown that both muscle and brain tissues can oxidize and utilize lactate as an energy substrate, challenging this monocarboxylate’s reputation as a useless end-product of anaerobic glycolysis. These findings were met with great skepticism about the idea that lactate could be playing a role in bioenergetics. In the past quarter of a century monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) were identified and localized in both cellular and mitochondrial membranes. A lactate receptor has been identified. Direct and indirect evidence now indicate that the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) resides not only in the cytosol, as part of the glycolytic pathway machinery, but also in the mitochondrial outer membrane. The mitochondrial form of the enzyme oxidizes lactate to pyruvate and concomitantly produces the reducing agent NADH. These findings have shed light on a major drawback of the originally proposed aerobic version of the glycolytic pathway i.e., its inability to regenerate NAD+, as opposed to anaerobic glycolysis that features the cyclical ability of regenerating NAD+ upon pyruvate reduction to lactate by the cytosolic form of LDH. The malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS), a major redox shuttle in the brain, was proposed as an alternative pathway for NAD+ generation for aerobic glycolysis. Nonetheless, would MAS really be necessary for that function if glycolysis always proceeds to the end-products, lactate and NAD+? An additional dilemma the originally proposed aerobic glycolysis presents has to do with the glycolytic pathway of erythrocytes, which despite its highly aerobic environment, always produces lactate as its end-product. It is time to reexamine the original, dogmatic separation of glycolysis into two distinct pathways and put to test the hypothesis of a unified, singular pathway, the end-product of which is lactate, the real substrate of the mitochondrial TCA cycle.

How long is Glycolysis at 75: Is it Time to Tweak the First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway in History??

Glycolysis at 75: Is it Time to Tweak the First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway in History? by Avital Schurr is 128 pages long, and a total of 33,024 words.

This makes it 43% the length of the average book. It also has 40% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Glycolysis at 75: Is it Time to Tweak the First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway in History? Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours to read Glycolysis at 75: Is it Time to Tweak the First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway in History? aloud.

What Reading Level is Glycolysis at 75: Is it Time to Tweak the First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway in History??

Glycolysis at 75: Is it Time to Tweak the First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway in History? is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Glycolysis at 75: Is it Time to Tweak the First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway in History??

Glycolysis at 75: Is it Time to Tweak the First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway in History? by Avital Schurr is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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