How Long to Read Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices

How Long Does it Take to Read Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices?

It takes the average reader 6 hours and 19 minutes to read Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices by Vinny R. Sastri

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Over the past 2000 years, many devices have been developed and used in the mitigation and diagnosis of diseases. The materials used in these devices have ranged from stone, wood, metal, ceramics, and most recently plastics. Medical devices have also evolved in sophistication and complexity over time. With the formalization of the scientific method in the seventeenth century such devices became more prevalent [1]. Many medical devices were manufactured by doctors or small companies and sold directly to the public with no government standards or oversight. With the explosion of medical technology in the early twentieth century, several intermediaries had evolved between the medical device industry and the public. In 1879, Dr E.R. Squibb, in an address to the Medical Society of the State of New York, proposed the enactment of a national statute to regulate food and drugs [2]. It was not until 27 years later that the Food and Drug Act of 1906 was introduced into the Congress and signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt [3]. At that time, devices that were harmful to human safety and health proliferated the market but regulation of medical devices by the Bureau of Chemistry (the precursor to the Food and Drug Administration—FDA) was limited to challenging commercial products only after they had been released into the market. Devices in the marketplace that were defective, adulterated, or misbranded were seized and the device manufacturers were prosecuted in a court of law, but only after the products were sold in the market and caused harm to the end users. Thus, there was a strong need for regulating the devices before they entered the marketplace. An FDA report [4], issued in September 1970, detailed as many as 10,000 injuries and 731 deaths from ineffective medical devices. The report recommended the formation of a regulatory system and body that would enforce the production and sale of safe and effective devices to the public. All medical devices already on the market would be inventoried and classified into a three-tiered system based on their criticality of end use. It also detailed requirements for records and reports, registration and inspection of establishments, and uniform quality assurance programs called good manufacturing practices (GMP). After much lobbying by the FDA, Senate bill SR 510, “The Medical Device Amendments of 1973” was introduced by Senator Edward M. Kennedy and was passed by the Senate in 1975. House bill HR 11124, introduced by Representative Paul Rogers, was passed by the House in 1976. These bills eventually became the Medical Device Amendments of 1976, and were signed into law by President Nixon. The Medical Device Amendments of 1976 became the basis for the medical device regulation in the United States to control and regulate the production of finished devices and thus the device manufacturers themselves.

How long is Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices?

Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices by Vinny R. Sastri is 368 pages long, and a total of 94,944 words.

This makes it 124% the length of the average book. It also has 116% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 8 hours and 38 minutes to read Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices aloud.

What Reading Level is Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices?

Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices?

Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices by Vinny R. Sastri is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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