How Long to Read Hard X-Ray Imaging of Solar Flares

How Long Does it Take to Read Hard X-Ray Imaging of Solar Flares?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 55 minutes to read Hard X-Ray Imaging of Solar Flares by Michele Piana

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The idea for this text emerged over several years as the authors participated in research projects related to analysis of data from NASA's RHESSI Small Explorer mission. The data produced over the operational lifetime of this mission inspired many investigations related to a specific science question: the when, where, and how of electron acceleration during solar flares in the stressed magnetic environment of the active Sun. A vital key to unlocking this science problem is the ability to produce high-quality images of hard X-rays produced by bremsstrahlung radiation from electrons accelerated during a solar flare. The only practical way to do this within the technological and budgetary limitations of the RHESSI era was to opt for indirect modalities in which imaging information is encoded as a set of two-dimensional spatial Fourier components. Radio astronomers had employed Fourier imaging for many years. However, differently than for radio astronomy, X-ray images produced by RHESSI had to be constructed from a very limited number of sparsely distributed and very noisy Fourier components. Further, Fourier imaging is hardly intuitive, and extensive validation of the methods was necessary to ensure that they produced images with sufficient accuracy and fidelity for scientific applications. This book summarizes the results of this development of imaging techniques specifically designed for this form of data. It covers a set of published works that span over two decades, during which various imaging methods were introduced, validated, and applied to observations. Also considering that a new Fourier-based telescope, STIX, is now entering its nominal phase on-board the ESA Solar Orbiter, it became more and more apparent to the authors that it would be a good idea to put together a compendium of these imaging methods and their applications. Hence the book you are now reading.

How long is Hard X-Ray Imaging of Solar Flares?

Hard X-Ray Imaging of Solar Flares by Michele Piana is 173 pages long, and a total of 43,769 words.

This makes it 58% the length of the average book. It also has 53% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Hard X-Ray Imaging of Solar Flares Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 59 minutes to read Hard X-Ray Imaging of Solar Flares aloud.

What Reading Level is Hard X-Ray Imaging of Solar Flares?

Hard X-Ray Imaging of Solar Flares is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Hard X-Ray Imaging of Solar Flares?

Hard X-Ray Imaging of Solar Flares by Michele Piana is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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