How Long to Read Helium and Hydrogen Isotope Adsorption and Separation in Metal-Organic Frameworks

How Long Does it Take to Read Helium and Hydrogen Isotope Adsorption and Separation in Metal-Organic Frameworks?

It takes the average reader 3 hours and 20 minutes to read Helium and Hydrogen Isotope Adsorption and Separation in Metal-Organic Frameworks by Ingrid Zaiser

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The separation of isotopes has always been a challenge because of their identical size, shape and thermodynamic properties. Nowadays, the extraction of deuterium is performed e.g. by the Girdler Sulfid process or cryogenic distillation, which lead to low separation factors (below 2.5) in combination with high energy costs. The standard way to produce helium-3 is to skim it as a byproduct of the radioactive tritium decay. In this thesis, two alternative approaches have been investigated for the separation of light isotopes, Quantum Sieving and Chemical Affinity Sieving . While Quantum Sieving is based on confinement in small pores, Chemical Affinity Sieving relies on strong adsorption sites. Both methods use the mass difference of the isotopes, which is related to their zero-point energy. The microporous metal-organic frameworks are excellent candidates for studying these quantum effects due to their well-defined pore structure and the possibility to introduce strong adsorption sites directly into the framework. The samples have been exposed to an isotope mixture and the adsorbed quantity of each isotope was detected by low-temperature thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The ratio of the desorbed amount of the isotopes leads directly to the selectivity (separation factor). The selectivity is determined as a function of exposure time and temperature and exhibits the highest value of 25 observed for hydrogen isotopes at temperatures well above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen.

How long is Helium and Hydrogen Isotope Adsorption and Separation in Metal-Organic Frameworks?

Helium and Hydrogen Isotope Adsorption and Separation in Metal-Organic Frameworks by Ingrid Zaiser is 200 pages long, and a total of 50,000 words.

This makes it 67% the length of the average book. It also has 61% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Helium and Hydrogen Isotope Adsorption and Separation in Metal-Organic Frameworks Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 4 hours and 33 minutes to read Helium and Hydrogen Isotope Adsorption and Separation in Metal-Organic Frameworks aloud.

What Reading Level is Helium and Hydrogen Isotope Adsorption and Separation in Metal-Organic Frameworks?

Helium and Hydrogen Isotope Adsorption and Separation in Metal-Organic Frameworks is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Helium and Hydrogen Isotope Adsorption and Separation in Metal-Organic Frameworks?

Helium and Hydrogen Isotope Adsorption and Separation in Metal-Organic Frameworks by Ingrid Zaiser is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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