How Long to Read Host-parasite Interactions of Myxozoan Parasites and Molecular Characterization of Their Polar Filaments and Those of Related Cnidarians

How Long Does it Take to Read Host-parasite Interactions of Myxozoan Parasites and Molecular Characterization of Their Polar Filaments and Those of Related Cnidarians?

It takes the average reader 5 hours and 38 minutes to read Host-parasite Interactions of Myxozoan Parasites and Molecular Characterization of Their Polar Filaments and Those of Related Cnidarians by Anne Koehler

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Spores of Myxobolus pendula develop within the core of complex cysts on the gill arch of creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus ). Adjacent to, and surrounding, the spores are concentric layers of stratified, interdigitating cells, whose nature was examined by transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemical and molecular techniques. In situ hybridization data using parasite-derived ribosomal DNA as a probe indicate that infection leads to the encapsulation of developing plasmodia by host immune cells that form an epithelioid granuloma. Epithelioid cell-cell adhesion is effected by desmosomes anchored intracellularly to cytokeratin intermediate ftlaments. This granuloma may serve to limit the spread of the parasite to surrounding tissues, but does not appear to inhibit diffusion of oxygen and nutrients to the developing spores. A hallmark of myxozoan parasites are highly specialized extrusomes that contain coiled ftlaments essential for the invasion of their hosts. Development of a polyclonal antibody against M. pendula polar filament proteins led to the characterization of these epitopes by cDNA expression library screening, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with Western detection and mass spectrometry. While the exact genetic identity of the epitope(s) were not established, database searches with peptides derived from immunopositive spots indicate that polar filaments are comprised of repeat motifs of a glycine-rich, non-collagenous, structural protein. Proteins with such characteristics are generally part of supramolecular structures with high tensile strength and elasticity, which is congruent with the biological function(s) of polar filaments. Recently proposed myxozoan-cnidarian affinities prompted an investigation into evolutionarily conserved components of their extrusomes. The M. pendula-specific antibody recognized epitopes on extruded nematocyst tubules of two cnidarians, Nematostella vectensis and Hydra vulgaris. In addition, poly-gamma-glutamate, the polyanion responsible for creating high intracapsular osmotic pressure, was conserved between the two phyla, which supports the recent hypothesis of the Myxozoa being Cnidaria. The nematocyst diversity of N. vectensis was also examined and their localization mapped throughout larval development by in situ hybridization with a nematocyst-specific marker.

How long is Host-parasite Interactions of Myxozoan Parasites and Molecular Characterization of Their Polar Filaments and Those of Related Cnidarians?

Host-parasite Interactions of Myxozoan Parasites and Molecular Characterization of Their Polar Filaments and Those of Related Cnidarians by Anne Koehler is 328 pages long, and a total of 84,624 words.

This makes it 111% the length of the average book. It also has 103% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Host-parasite Interactions of Myxozoan Parasites and Molecular Characterization of Their Polar Filaments and Those of Related Cnidarians Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 7 hours and 42 minutes to read Host-parasite Interactions of Myxozoan Parasites and Molecular Characterization of Their Polar Filaments and Those of Related Cnidarians aloud.

What Reading Level is Host-parasite Interactions of Myxozoan Parasites and Molecular Characterization of Their Polar Filaments and Those of Related Cnidarians?

Host-parasite Interactions of Myxozoan Parasites and Molecular Characterization of Their Polar Filaments and Those of Related Cnidarians is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

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