How Long to Read Innate Immune Signaling in Homeostatic Plasticity

How Long Does it Take to Read Innate Immune Signaling in Homeostatic Plasticity?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 34 minutes to read Innate Immune Signaling in Homeostatic Plasticity by Nathan Christopher Stephenson Harris

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Brain function is remarkably stable throughout the many years of adult life even in the face of continuous internal and external change. Homeostatic plasticity is hypothesized to support this stability by constraining neuronal activity within a range appropriate for a neuron's participation in neural circuits and meaningful information transfer. Presynaptic homeostatic potentiation (PHP) is one form of homeostatic plasticity acting in both peripheral and central synapses and is conserved from insects to humans. Here we describe the function of an innate immune receptor, PGRP-LC, and its downstream signaling pathway in controlling PHP. Innate immunity is known to function in the brain where it modifies the structure of synapses and circuits during development, as well responding to and controlling neuronal activity during adulthood. This is the first evidence implicating innate immunity in presynaptic function. First, we show that PGRP-LC functions as a presynaptic receptor during the induction and expression of PHP, through modulation of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles. Next, we interrogate the canonical innate immune signaling pathway downstream of PGRP-LC, testing four downstream genes for function in PHP. In so doing, we find evidence that this pathway is reorganized to support the specialized structure and function of neurons, and the needs of PHP. Last, we characterize in detail the function of a kinase in the pathway, Tak1, in controlling synaptic vesicle release probability. Our data lead us to propose a model where Tak1 acts to stabilize synaptic vesicles close to the active zone by inhibiting a de-priming or de-docking process. Therefore, we have implicated a novel kinase in regulation of neurotransmitter release. We expect that innate immune signaling through PGRP-LC then modulates the function of Tak1 during PHP to achieve potentiation of vesicle release. Overall, our data speak to the importance of innate immune signaling in neurons specifically, as they undergo changes during their otherwise normal day-to-day activity.

How long is Innate Immune Signaling in Homeostatic Plasticity?

Innate Immune Signaling in Homeostatic Plasticity by Nathan Christopher Stephenson Harris is 149 pages long, and a total of 38,591 words.

This makes it 50% the length of the average book. It also has 47% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Innate Immune Signaling in Homeostatic Plasticity Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 30 minutes to read Innate Immune Signaling in Homeostatic Plasticity aloud.

What Reading Level is Innate Immune Signaling in Homeostatic Plasticity?

Innate Immune Signaling in Homeostatic Plasticity is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

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