How Long to Read Integrin Related Cell Interaction in Primary T Lymphocytes and Cancer Cells

How Long Does it Take to Read Integrin Related Cell Interaction in Primary T Lymphocytes and Cancer Cells?

It takes the average reader and 52 minutes to read Integrin Related Cell Interaction in Primary T Lymphocytes and Cancer Cells by Steven Bach

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Integrins are a family of transmembrane adhesion proteins that mediate cell attachment to extracellular matrix or to another cell. The T cell LFA-1 integrin and its interaction with its predominant ligand, ICAM-1, is known to regulate antigen-driven differentiation of naive T cells into effector T cells, a process that is fundamental to adaptive immunity. The activation of LFA-1 on effector and naive T cells is still unclear and requires further investigation for a more detailed understanding. In this work we quantitatively study primary T cells (both naive and effector) and their interaction with ICAM-1 using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Measurements show that adhesion of the effector T cell is in general at least one order of magnitude higher than that of the naive T cells. OKT3 treatment has a profound impact on T cell--ICAM-1 interaction, resulting in at least a 2-fold increase in both detachment force and work. Our conclusions corroborate past research that shows that there is a higher expression of LFA-1 on effector T cells than naive T cells and that LFA-1 on effector T cells is predominantly in the high affinity state. Our results also possibly indicate that a mixed population of high and low affinity LFA-1 is present on naive cells. Furthermore, given the response to OKT3 treatment, it is likely that it induces populations of LFA-1 to change from low affinity to high affinity on both effector and naive T cells. Taken together, our studies reveal in more detail the regulation and conformational states of high affinity LFA-1 on T cells which is critical to T cell activation. Additionally, we use AFM to look at the interaction between neuropilin-2 (NRP-2), a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, which is expressed on cancer cells and show that it interacts with alpha5 integrin on endothelial cells. Most importantly, our studies reveal that the interaction mediates cancer cell vascular extravasation and promotes metastasis. This research further supports the highly promising route of preventing cancer metastasis by therapeutically blocking NRP-2 and thereby greatly improving the prognoses of cancer patients.

How long is Integrin Related Cell Interaction in Primary T Lymphocytes and Cancer Cells?

Integrin Related Cell Interaction in Primary T Lymphocytes and Cancer Cells by Steven Bach is 52 pages long, and a total of 13,104 words.

This makes it 18% the length of the average book. It also has 16% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Integrin Related Cell Interaction in Primary T Lymphocytes and Cancer Cells Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 1 hour and 11 minutes to read Integrin Related Cell Interaction in Primary T Lymphocytes and Cancer Cells aloud.

What Reading Level is Integrin Related Cell Interaction in Primary T Lymphocytes and Cancer Cells?

Integrin Related Cell Interaction in Primary T Lymphocytes and Cancer Cells is suitable for students ages 8 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

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