How Long to Read Invertebrate Learning and Memory

How Long Does it Take to Read Invertebrate Learning and Memory?

It takes the average reader 10 hours to read Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Riccardo Mozzachiodi

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Although classical and operant conditioning are operationally distinct, it is unclear to what extent they are mechanistically similar or different. Feeding behavior in the mollusk Aplysia californica is a useful model system to analyze these two ubiquitous forms of associative learning and compare the underlying neuronal mechanisms. Here, we review studies that have analyzed and compared the mechanisms underlying classical and operant conditioning at the circuit, single-cell, and molecular levels. These analyses reveal similarities and intriguing differences. Both forms of learning lead to increased biting in vivo and fictive ingestion in vitro and also share a common reinforcement pathway, which uses dopamine as the reinforcement transmitter. Although the identified neuron B51 is a locus of plasticity common to both classical and operant conditioning, its activity is altered in opposite ways by these two forms of learning. B51 excitability is increased by operant conditioning, whereas it is decreased by classical conditioning.

How long is Invertebrate Learning and Memory?

Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Riccardo Mozzachiodi is 600 pages long, and a total of 150,000 words.

This makes it 202% the length of the average book. It also has 183% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Invertebrate Learning and Memory Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 13 hours and 39 minutes to read Invertebrate Learning and Memory aloud.

What Reading Level is Invertebrate Learning and Memory?

Invertebrate Learning and Memory is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Invertebrate Learning and Memory?

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