How Long to Read Invertebrate Learning and Memory

How Long Does it Take to Read Invertebrate Learning and Memory?

It takes the average reader and 27 minutes to read Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Stevanus Rio Tedjakumala

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Studies on learning and memory in honeybees have been historically framed in an appetitive context because bees learn remarkably well about sensory stimuli if these are associated with food. We review studies in which bees learn about olfactory stimuli associated with the noxious stimulation of an electric shock. In response to such stimulation, bees exhibit a sting extension response (SER). Pairing a neutral odor with shock results in associative learning so that bees exhibit conditioned SER to the originally neutral stimulus and avoid afterwards that stimulus when given the possibility of moving away from it. SER conditioning leads to long-term memory formation, which depends on transcription and translation. Aversive reinforcement properties are mediated by dopamine, and a rich network of dopaminergic neurons exists in the bee brain. Taken together, these studies open new research avenues to understand how bees learn about aversive events in their environment.

How long is Invertebrate Learning and Memory?

Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Stevanus Rio Tedjakumala is 27 pages long, and a total of 6,939 words.

This makes it 9% the length of the average book. It also has 8% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Invertebrate Learning and Memory Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes and 37 minutes to read Invertebrate Learning and Memory aloud.

What Reading Level is Invertebrate Learning and Memory?

Invertebrate Learning and Memory is suitable for students ages 8 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Invertebrate Learning and Memory?

Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Stevanus Rio Tedjakumala is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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