How Long to Read Late Cenozoic Lava Dams in the Western Grand Canyon

How Long Does it Take to Read Late Cenozoic Lava Dams in the Western Grand Canyon?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 24 minutes to read Late Cenozoic Lava Dams in the Western Grand Canyon by William Kenneth Hamblin

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The Late Cenozoic history of the western Grand Canyon is one of profound and rapid transformation. The constantly changing morphology and dynamics of the canyon during this period have been recorded in spectacular geologic features, such as frozen lava cascades and lava dams, as well as volcanic cones, necks, and dikes. All of these unique features, which make the western part of the Grand Canyon strikingly different from other parts, resulted from the interaction of basaltic lava flows and vigorous erosion by the Colorado River. The volcanic phenomena in the Grand Canyon were created by eruptions of basaltic lava in the southernmost part of the Uinkaret volcanic field. Some lava flows were extruded on the Uinkaret Plateau and cascaded over the outer rim of the Grand Canyon into Toroweap Valley and Whitmore Wash, while others were extruded within the Grand Canyon itself and partly covered the Esplanade Platform. The remaining flows cascaded over the rim of the canyon's inner gorge. Red molten rock cascading into the canyon and forming lava dams must have presented a spectacular scene, the likes of which have never been viewed by human beings. Even more spectacular is how quickly these lava dams formed - from small single-flow dams that were created in only a few days, to complex, multiple-flow dams that took several thousand years. The dams were then destroyed when the water impounded behind them ultimately overflowed. Although their construction and destruction occurred in a geologic instant, these events were the most significant in the late Cenozoic history of the Grand Canyon. Because of the largely inaccessible nature of the western part of the canyon, the author and his field assistants researching this area had to be creative in their data-gathering techniques. For example, they made photo mosaics of the entire canyon wall using a hand-held aerial camera; these mosaics served as cross sections on which all geological data were plotted. In addition, to photograph features hidden from view at river level, they utilized light aircraft and helicopters. Finally, a professional mountain climber collected samples from various units exposed high on vertical cliffs. Memoir 183 is a compilation of this field work, which took more than two decades to complete. It contains numerous maps, photographs, and cross sections of frozen lava cascades and the remnants of a sequence of 13 major lava dams that once formed huge barriers to the Colorado River. The volume also discusses the history of lakes that formed behind these lava dams and the associated sedimentary deposits that once partly filled the Grand Canyon. The results of this study provide new insights into the rates at which the Colorado River is able to downcut its channel, as well as the major factors that controlled erosion of the Grand Canyon.

How long is Late Cenozoic Lava Dams in the Western Grand Canyon?

Late Cenozoic Lava Dams in the Western Grand Canyon by William Kenneth Hamblin is 139 pages long, and a total of 36,001 words.

This makes it 47% the length of the average book. It also has 44% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Late Cenozoic Lava Dams in the Western Grand Canyon Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 16 minutes to read Late Cenozoic Lava Dams in the Western Grand Canyon aloud.

What Reading Level is Late Cenozoic Lava Dams in the Western Grand Canyon?

Late Cenozoic Lava Dams in the Western Grand Canyon is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Late Cenozoic Lava Dams in the Western Grand Canyon?

Late Cenozoic Lava Dams in the Western Grand Canyon by William Kenneth Hamblin is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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