How Long to Read Legacy Datacom Technology:  X.25, Frame Relay and ATM

How Long Does it Take to Read Legacy Datacom Technology:  X.25, Frame Relay and ATM?

It takes the average reader and 47 minutes to read Legacy Datacom Technology:  X.25, Frame Relay and ATM by Eric Coll

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Legacy Datacom Technology: X.25, Frame Relay and ATM This module describes data communication and networking technologies that were formerly mainstream but no longer in wide use, if at all. The idea of a virtual circuit, called a Forwarding Equivalence Class in MPLS lingo, goes all the way back to the 1960s and X.25 data packet networks, which all telephone companies built and sold services on. Envoy-100 email from Bell Canada ran over Datapac; parts of the Internet ran over TymeNet in the very early days, both were commercial X.25 networks. Access speeds to X.25 were 1.2 kb/s dial-up modem or for the institutional customer, 56 kb/s data circuit. The latency, i.e. delay caused by the network, was outlandishly long compared to today's networks. Frame Relay was a speed improvement over X.25, mostly running at 1.5 Mb/s, but did not come with a guarantee of maximum latency and maximum packet loss necessary to be able to guarantee voice quality when communicating phone calls in packets over Frame Relay. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) was supposed to be the answer to all of our problems, carrying phone calls, television, data and Internet traffic together with suitable guarantees for each. But it got so ridiculously complicated and expensive, it got thrown away and replaced with what we have today: IP packets with MPLS to implement virtual circuits. In this module are the three predecessors to IP/MPLS. And lest we forget, "Asynchronous Ports" on PCs to connect modems and mice, communicating one byte at a time: start bits, stop bits and parity checking. Telecom 101 Module 19 Detailed Outine 19 Legacy Datacom Technology: X.25, Frame Relay and ATM 19.1 “Asynchronous”: Start/Stop/Parity ...... 19.1.1 Asynchronous Communications ...... 19.1.2 Framing: Start and Stop Bits ...... 19.1.3 Parity Checking 19.2 X.25: Packet-Switching using Virtual Circuits ...... 19.2.1 X.25 Network Structure and Operation ...... 19.2.2 Reliable Network Service: Guaranteed Delivery ...... 19.2.3 Connection-Oriented vs. Connectionless Network Service 19.3 Frame Relay ...... 19.3.1 Elimination of a Layer of Software ...... 19.3.2 Unreliable Service ...... 19.3.3 Network Structure and Operation ...... 19.3.4 No Guarantees for Voice 19.4 ATM ...... 19.4.1 Future-Proof Technology (Not) ...... 19.4.2 ATM Cells ...... 19.4.3 Service Classes

How long is Legacy Datacom Technology:  X.25, Frame Relay and ATM?

Legacy Datacom Technology:  X.25, Frame Relay and ATM by Eric Coll is 46 pages long, and a total of 11,776 words.

This makes it 16% the length of the average book. It also has 14% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Legacy Datacom Technology:  X.25, Frame Relay and ATM Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 1 hour and 4 minutes to read Legacy Datacom Technology:  X.25, Frame Relay and ATM aloud.

What Reading Level is Legacy Datacom Technology:  X.25, Frame Relay and ATM?

Legacy Datacom Technology:  X.25, Frame Relay and ATM is suitable for students ages 8 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Legacy Datacom Technology:  X.25, Frame Relay and ATM?

Legacy Datacom Technology:  X.25, Frame Relay and ATM by Eric Coll is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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