How Long to Read Microbial Ecology of Arid Terrestrial Systems

How Long Does it Take to Read Microbial Ecology of Arid Terrestrial Systems?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 13 minutes to read Microbial Ecology of Arid Terrestrial Systems by Thulani P. Makhalanyane

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Water is usually referred to as the ‘Molecule of Life’. It constitutes the most abundant molecule in living (micro)organisms and is also essential for critical biochemical reactions, both for the global functioning and maintenance of Ecosystems (e.g., Photosynthesis) and individual (microbial) cells (e.g., ATP hydrolysis). However, most of Earth’s terrestrial environments present deficiencies in bioavailable water. Arid environments cover around a third of the land’s surface, are found on the six continents and, with the anthropogenic desertification phenomenon, will increase. Commonly defined by having a ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (P/PET) below 1, arid environments, being either hot or cold, are characterized by scant and erratic plant growth and low densities in macro-fauna. Consequently, these ecosystems are microbially mediated with microbial communities particularly driving the essential Na and C biogeochemical cycles. Due to the relatively simple trophic structure of these biomes, arid terrestrial environments have subsequently been used as ideal ecosystems to capture and model interactions in edaphic microbial communities. To date, we have been able to demonstrate that edaphic microorganisms (i.e., Fungi, Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses) in arid environments are abundant, highly diverse, different from those of other terrestrial systems (both in terms of diversity and function), and are important for the stability and productivity of these ecosystems. Moreover, arid terrestrial systems are generally considered Mars-like environments. Thus, they have been the favored destination for astro(micro)biologists aiming to better understand life’s potential distribution and adaptation strategies in the Universe and develop terraforming approaches. Altogether, these points demonstrate the importance of significantly improving our knowledge in the microbial community composition (particularly for Fungi, Archaea and Viruses), assembly processes and functional potentials of arid terrestrial systems, as well as their adaptation mechanisms to aridity (and generally to various other environmental stresses). This Research Topic was proposed to provide further insights on the microbial ecology of hot and cold arid edaphic systems. We provide a detailed review and nine research articles, spanning hot and cold deserts, edaphic, rhizospheric, BSC and endolithic environments as well as culture-dependent and -independant approaches.

How long is Microbial Ecology of Arid Terrestrial Systems?

Microbial Ecology of Arid Terrestrial Systems by Thulani P. Makhalanyane is 129 pages long, and a total of 33,411 words.

This makes it 44% the length of the average book. It also has 41% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Microbial Ecology of Arid Terrestrial Systems Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 2 minutes to read Microbial Ecology of Arid Terrestrial Systems aloud.

What Reading Level is Microbial Ecology of Arid Terrestrial Systems?

Microbial Ecology of Arid Terrestrial Systems is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Microbial Ecology of Arid Terrestrial Systems?

Microbial Ecology of Arid Terrestrial Systems by Thulani P. Makhalanyane is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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