How Long to Read Nicotine Psychopharmacology

How Long Does it Take to Read Nicotine Psychopharmacology?

It takes the average reader 9 hours and 12 minutes to read Nicotine Psychopharmacology by Jack E. Henningfield

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The fact that tobacco ingestion can affect how people feel and think has been known for millennia, placing the plant among those used spiritually, honori?cally, and habitually (Corti 1931; Wilbert 1987). However, the conclusion that nicotine - counted for many of these psychopharmacological effects did not emerge until the nineteenth century (Langley 1905). This was elegantly described by Lewin in 1931 as follows: “The decisive factor in the effects of tobacco, desired or undesired, is nicotine. . . ”(Lewin 1998). The use of nicotine as a pharmacological probe to und- stand physiological functioning at the dawn of the twentieth century was a landmark in the birth of modern neuropharmacology (Limbird 2004; Halliwell 2007), and led the pioneering researcher John Langley to conclude that there must exist some “- ceptive substance” to explain the diverse actions of various substances, including nicotine, when applied to muscle tissue (Langley 1905). Research on tobacco and nicotine progressed throughout the twentieth century, but much of this was from a general pharmacological and toxicological rather than a psychopharmacological perspective (Larson et al. 1961). There was some attention to the effects related to addiction, such as euphoria (Johnston 1941), tolerance (Lewin 1931), and withdrawal (Finnegan et al. 1945), but outside of research supported by the tobacco industry, addiction and psychopharmacology were not major foci for research (Slade et al. 1995; Hurt and Robertson 1998; Henning?eld et al. 2006; Henning?eld and Hartel 1999; Larson et al. 1961).

How long is Nicotine Psychopharmacology?

Nicotine Psychopharmacology by Jack E. Henningfield is 544 pages long, and a total of 138,176 words.

This makes it 184% the length of the average book. It also has 169% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Nicotine Psychopharmacology Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 12 hours and 35 minutes to read Nicotine Psychopharmacology aloud.

What Reading Level is Nicotine Psychopharmacology?

Nicotine Psychopharmacology is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Nicotine Psychopharmacology?

Nicotine Psychopharmacology by Jack E. Henningfield is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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