How Long to Read Novel Insights Into Orbital Angular Momentum Beams: From Fundamentals, Devices to Applications

How Long Does it Take to Read Novel Insights Into Orbital Angular Momentum Beams: From Fundamentals, Devices to Applications?

It takes the average reader and 1 minute to read Novel Insights Into Orbital Angular Momentum Beams: From Fundamentals, Devices to Applications by Zhongqi Pan

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

It is well-known by now that the angular momentum carried by elementary particles can be categorized as spin angular momentum (SAM) and orbital angular momentum (OAM). In the early 1900s, Poynting recognized that a particle, such as a photon, can carry SAM, which has only two possible states, i.e., clockwise and anticlockwise circular polarization states. However, only fairly recently, in 1992, Allen et al. discovered that photons with helical phase fronts can carry OAM, which has infinite orthogonal states. In the past two decades, the OAM-carrying beam, due to its unique features, has gained increasing interest from many different research communities, including physics, chemistry, and engineering. Its twisted phase front and intensity distribution have enabled a variety of applications, such as micromanipulation, laser beam machining, nonlinear matter interactions, imaging, sensing, quantum cryptography and classical communications. This book aims to explore novel insights of OAM beams. It focuses on state-of-the-art advances in fundamental theories, devices and applications, as well as future perspectives of OAM beams.

How long is Novel Insights Into Orbital Angular Momentum Beams: From Fundamentals, Devices to Applications?

Novel Insights Into Orbital Angular Momentum Beams: From Fundamentals, Devices to Applications by Zhongqi Pan is 1 pages long, and a total of 251 words.

This makes it 0% the length of the average book. It also has 0% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Novel Insights Into Orbital Angular Momentum Beams: From Fundamentals, Devices to Applications Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes and 1 minute to read Novel Insights Into Orbital Angular Momentum Beams: From Fundamentals, Devices to Applications aloud.

What Reading Level is Novel Insights Into Orbital Angular Momentum Beams: From Fundamentals, Devices to Applications?

Novel Insights Into Orbital Angular Momentum Beams: From Fundamentals, Devices to Applications is suitable for students ages 4 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Novel Insights Into Orbital Angular Momentum Beams: From Fundamentals, Devices to Applications?

Novel Insights Into Orbital Angular Momentum Beams: From Fundamentals, Devices to Applications by Zhongqi Pan is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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