How Long to Read Ocean Circulation and Climate

How Long Does it Take to Read Ocean Circulation and Climate?

It takes the average reader 15 hours and 18 minutes to read Ocean Circulation and Climate by John L. Bullister

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Formation of the deepest waters of the World Ocean occurs in limited regions of the global ocean, primarily in the northern North Atlantic where North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) is formed, and at a number of sites around the continental margins of Antarctica where Antarctic Bottom Waters (AABW) are formed. The deepwater formation processes play a significant role in determining the large-scale physical and biogeochemical properties of the deep ocean. These limited regions provide a conduit from the surface into the vast volumes of water in the deep ocean. We report in this chapter on observed physical and biochemical changes in the deep ocean and discuss these in the context of deepwater formation. Intensive observation programs in the North Atlantic during the past decades have demonstrated that there have been significant changes in the volumes and properties of Upper and Lower NADW as well as AABW. Studies have found systematic warming of AABW during the past two decades along a number of its major flow pathways, as well as evidence for a reduction in overall volume of AABW in the global deep ocean. Lower NADW, on the other hand, has been undergoing systematic cooling for the past four decades, whereas Upper NADW (primarily Labrador Sea Water) has been exposed to large decadal variability, both in properties and formation rates. In total, the deepwaters of the World Ocean (beneath ca. 2000–3000m) have warmed during the past two decades. Changes in the deep ocean can have enormous influence on Earth’s climate. Warming of the deep ocean makes a significant contribution to global sea level rise. The capacity of the deep ocean to take up and store anthropogenic CO2 has and will have a major impact on the CO2 content of the atmosphere now and far into the future. Paleooceanographic studies have provided evidence that despite the century-long timescales associated with renewal of deepwater, rapid, major changes in deepwater formation and deep ocean circulation have occurred in the past, resulting in rapid changes in Earth’s climate. Continued monitoring and analysis are necessary to follow and understand the changes in the deep ocean—this is a very important component of Earth’s climate.

How long is Ocean Circulation and Climate?

Ocean Circulation and Climate by John L. Bullister is 904 pages long, and a total of 229,616 words.

This makes it 305% the length of the average book. It also has 281% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Ocean Circulation and Climate Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 20 hours and 54 minutes to read Ocean Circulation and Climate aloud.

What Reading Level is Ocean Circulation and Climate?

Ocean Circulation and Climate is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Ocean Circulation and Climate?

Ocean Circulation and Climate by John L. Bullister is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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