How Long to Read Oil & Gas Produced Water Management

How Long Does it Take to Read Oil & Gas Produced Water Management?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 32 minutes to read Oil & Gas Produced Water Management by Eric M V Hoek

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Produced water contributes to the largest volume waste stream associated with oil and gas (O&G) exploration and production (E&P) operations. It is usually a complex mixture of inorganics and organics that is formed underground and brought to the surface during O&G production. Traditionally, produced water has been considered as a waste to the O&G industry. The conventional management strategies include disposal (typically by injection into depleted wells or permitted disposal wells), recycle (direct reuse within the E&P operation), and reuse (treatment and reuse offsite for food crop irrigation, livestock watering or industrial use). The O&G industry is going through a paradigm shift, where scarcity of water, economics of water management, declining oil costs, and increasing focus on environmental and ecological stewardship are shifting the focus toward integrated water management in E&P operations. Water is no longer a problem to be delegated to a third-party disposal or treatment vendor, but is becoming a cornerstone of O&G production. In this review, we summarize produced water characteristics, regulations and management options, produced water treatment fundamentals, and a detailed discussion of process equipment and advantages/disadvantages of currently available treatment processes. These results in peer-reviewed publications could provide a guide for the selection of appropriate technologies based on the desired application. Major research efforts in the future could focus on the optimization of current technologies and use of combined treatment processes of produced water in order to comply with reuse and discharge limits, under more stringent environmental regulations.

How long is Oil & Gas Produced Water Management?

Oil & Gas Produced Water Management by Eric M V Hoek is 92 pages long, and a total of 23,184 words.

This makes it 31% the length of the average book. It also has 28% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Oil & Gas Produced Water Management Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 2 hours and 6 minutes to read Oil & Gas Produced Water Management aloud.

What Reading Level is Oil & Gas Produced Water Management?

Oil & Gas Produced Water Management is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Oil & Gas Produced Water Management?

Oil & Gas Produced Water Management by Eric M V Hoek is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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