How Long to Read Placebo and Pain

How Long Does it Take to Read Placebo and Pain?

It takes the average reader 5 hours and 14 minutes to read Placebo and Pain by Jian-You Guo

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The placebo effect is a fascinating yet puzzling phenomenon which has challenged investigators over the past 50 years. Some researchers have initiated investigations of the effects of placebos in animals, and have shown that associative learning is a major way to elicit placebo responses. Pain is the field in which most of the placebo research has been performed. In contrast to numerous studies involving human subjects, the available literature on placebo-induced analgesia in animal models is rare. This chapter introduces a special drug-conditioning procedure, a cue paired with morphine or aspirin, eliciting analgesic responses in a hot plate test. This established placebo analgesia was considered to be transferable from pain to depression and could produce a significant antidepressant effect in a test on depression in mice. Furthermore, the opioid placebo analgesia was found to be mediated exclusively through a μ-opioid receptor in the rat. The pros and cons of studying placebo in animal models are also discussed at the end of this chapter.

How long is Placebo and Pain?

Placebo and Pain by Jian-You Guo is 312 pages long, and a total of 78,624 words.

This makes it 105% the length of the average book. It also has 96% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Placebo and Pain Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 7 hours and 9 minutes to read Placebo and Pain aloud.

What Reading Level is Placebo and Pain?

Placebo and Pain is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Placebo and Pain?

Placebo and Pain by Jian-You Guo is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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