How Long to Read Polymer Degradation and Stabilization

How Long Does it Take to Read Polymer Degradation and Stabilization?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 13 minutes to read Polymer Degradation and Stabilization by W. L. Hawkins

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The development of polymers as an important class of material was inhibited at the first by the premature failure of these versatile compounds in many applications. The deterioration of important properties of both natural and synthetic polymers is the result of irreversible changes in composition and structure of polymers molecules. As a result of these reactions, mechanical, electrical and/or aesthetic properties are degraded beyond acceptable limits. It is now generally recognized that stabilization against degradation is necessary if the useful life of polymers is to be extended sufficiently to meet design requirements for long-term applications. Polymers degrade by a wide variety of mechanisms, several of which affect all polymers through to varying degree. This monograph will concentrate on those degradation mechanisms which result from reactions of polymers with oxygen in its various forms and which are accelerated by heat and/or radiation. Those stabilization mechanisms are discussed which are based on an understanding of degradation reaction mechanisms that are reasonably well established. The stabilization of polymers is still undergoing a transition from an art to a science as mechanisms of degradation become more fully developed. A scientific approach to stabilization can only be approached when there is an understanding of the reactions that lead to degradation. Stabilization against biodegradation and burning will not be discussed since there is not a clear understanding of how polymers degrade under these conditions.

How long is Polymer Degradation and Stabilization?

Polymer Degradation and Stabilization by W. L. Hawkins is 129 pages long, and a total of 33,411 words.

This makes it 44% the length of the average book. It also has 41% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Polymer Degradation and Stabilization Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 2 minutes to read Polymer Degradation and Stabilization aloud.

What Reading Level is Polymer Degradation and Stabilization?

Polymer Degradation and Stabilization is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Polymer Degradation and Stabilization?

Polymer Degradation and Stabilization by W. L. Hawkins is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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