How Long to Read Producers and Scroungers

How Long Does it Take to Read Producers and Scroungers?

It takes the average reader 5 hours and 6 minutes to read Producers and Scroungers by C. J. Barnard

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Many associations between organisms, both intra-and interspecific, can be usefully regarded as 'producer/scrounger' (P/S) relationships. One or more individuals or species (scroungers) within the association in some way use the behavioural or physiological investment of others (pro ducers) to reduce their costs of obtaining a limited resource. Examples are legion: many parasites take up more or less permanent residence in or on a host individual and use the host's ingestive, digestive or circu latory processes to reduce their own feeding costs; pirate (ldepto parasitic) individuals or species exploit the foraging investment of 'host' individuals/species by stealing procured food; inter- and intraspecific brood parasites exploit the nest-building behaviour and parental care of other species/individuals; non-displaying 'satellite' males may usurp matings (ldeptogamy) from higher ranking males whose display effort has attracted females to a courtship gathering, and so on. Scroungers appear to reduce the costs of exploiting a resource by letting producers invest the necessary time and energy in foraging, building, incubating, displaying, defending, evolving anti-predator adaptations, etc. , and then usurping the results of their efforts. The utility of scrounging, however, is conditional on a number of factors including the availability of producers, the number of scroungers exploiting them, the cost of scrounging in terms of producer avoidance, defence and/or retaliation, the value of the limited resource and the scope for alternative strategies of resource exploitation. This book brings together theoretical and empirical studies of PIS relationships in a wide variety of contexts and species.

How long is Producers and Scroungers?

Producers and Scroungers by C. J. Barnard is 303 pages long, and a total of 76,659 words.

This makes it 102% the length of the average book. It also has 94% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Producers and Scroungers Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 6 hours and 58 minutes to read Producers and Scroungers aloud.

What Reading Level is Producers and Scroungers?

Producers and Scroungers is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Producers and Scroungers?

Producers and Scroungers by C. J. Barnard is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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