How Long to Read Psychological Responses to Violations of Expectations: Perspectives and Answers from Diverse Fields of Psychology

By Mario Gollwitzer

How Long Does it Take to Read Psychological Responses to Violations of Expectations: Perspectives and Answers from Diverse Fields of Psychology?

It takes the average reader 4 hours and 1 minute to read Psychological Responses to Violations of Expectations: Perspectives and Answers from Diverse Fields of Psychology by Mario Gollwitzer

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

From Pavlov's dog expecting food when hearing a bell to stereotypes as expectations about other people’s behaviour, from Bandura’s self-efficacy as expectation for success and failure of one’s own behaviour to the "predictive brain" concept in current perception theories: expectations have been a central construct in different areas of psychological research. In each of these areas, specific concepts, theoretical approaches, and empirical methods have been developed to explain when and why expectations persist and when they do not. Many theories assume that expectations are likely to change in the face of disconfirming evidence. However, sometimes expectations persist even though they are empirically violated, suggesting that they can be “sticky” under certain circumstances. But what are these circumstances? And what are the psychological mechanisms that can explain why and when expectations persist or change after being confronted with expectation-violating evidence? Each contribution of the current book offers insights into individuals’ reactions to violations of expectations. They show that many pieces of the puzzle have been collected in the many sub-displiclines of psychology and that putting them together in an integrative fashion stays a fascinating enterprise.

How long is Psychological Responses to Violations of Expectations: Perspectives and Answers from Diverse Fields of Psychology?

Psychological Responses to Violations of Expectations: Perspectives and Answers from Diverse Fields of Psychology by Mario Gollwitzer is 236 pages long, and a total of 60,416 words.

This makes it 80% the length of the average book. It also has 74% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Psychological Responses to Violations of Expectations: Perspectives and Answers from Diverse Fields of Psychology Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 5 hours and 30 minutes to read Psychological Responses to Violations of Expectations: Perspectives and Answers from Diverse Fields of Psychology aloud.

What Reading Level is Psychological Responses to Violations of Expectations: Perspectives and Answers from Diverse Fields of Psychology?

Psychological Responses to Violations of Expectations: Perspectives and Answers from Diverse Fields of Psychology is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Psychological Responses to Violations of Expectations: Perspectives and Answers from Diverse Fields of Psychology?

Psychological Responses to Violations of Expectations: Perspectives and Answers from Diverse Fields of Psychology by Mario Gollwitzer is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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