How Long to Read Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies

How Long Does it Take to Read Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies?

It takes the average reader 4 hours and 42 minutes to read Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies by Paul Rosenbaum

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Outside of randomized experiments, association does not imply causation, and yet there is nothing defective about our knowledge that smoking causes lung cancer, a conclusion reached in the absence of randomized experimentation with humans. How is that possible? If observed associations do not identify causal effects in observational studies, how can a sequence of such associations become decisive? Two or more associations may each be susceptible to unmeasured biases, yet not susceptible to the same biases. An observational study has two evidence factors if it provides two comparisons susceptible to different biases that may be combined as if from independent studies of different data by different investigators, despite using the same data twice. If the two factors concur, then they may exhibit greater insensitivity to unmeasured biases than either factor exhibits on its own. Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies includes four parts: A concise introduction to causal inference, making the book self-contained Practical examples of evidence factors from the health and social sciences with analyses in R The theory of evidence factors Study design with evidence factors A companion R package evident is available from CRAN.

How long is Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies?

Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies by Paul Rosenbaum is 276 pages long, and a total of 70,656 words.

This makes it 93% the length of the average book. It also has 86% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 6 hours and 26 minutes to read Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies aloud.

What Reading Level is Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies?

Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies?

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