How Long to Read Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Mechanisms and Regulation of Ion Transport

How Long Does it Take to Read Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Mechanisms and Regulation of Ion Transport?

It takes the average reader 4 hours and 5 minutes to read Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Mechanisms and Regulation of Ion Transport by Vadim Volkov

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Life presumably arose in the primeval oceans with similar or even greater salinity than the present ocean, so the ancient cells were designed to withstand salinity. However, the immediate ancestors of land plants most likely lived in fresh, or slightly brackish, water. The fresh/brackish water origins might explain why many land plants, including some cereals, can withstand moderate salinity, but only 1 – 2 % of all the higher plant species were able to re-discover their saline origins again and survive at increased salinities close to that of seawater. From a practical side, salinity is among the major threats to agriculture, having been one of the reasons for the demise of the ancient Mesopotamian Sumer civilisation and in the present time causing huge annual economic losses of over 10 billion USD. The effects of salinity on plants include osmotic stress, disruption of membrane ion transport, direct toxicity of high cytoplasmic concentrations of sodium and chloride on cellular processes and induced oxidative stress. Ion transport is the crucial starting point that determines salinity tolerance in plants. Transport via membranes is mediated mostly by the ion channels and transporters, which ensure selective passage of specific ions. The molecular and structural diversity of these ion channels and transporters is amazing. Obtaining the detailed descriptions of distinct ion channels and transporters present in halophytes, marine algae and salt-tolerant fungi and then progressing to the cellular and the whole organism mechanisms, is one of the logical ways to understand high salinity tolerance. Transfer of the genes from halophytes to agricultural crops is a means to increase salt tolerance of the crops. The theoretical scientific approaches involve protein chemistry, structure-function relations of membrane proteins, synthetic biology, systems biology and physiology of stress and ion homeostasis. At the time of compiling this e-book many aspects of ion transport under salinity stress are not yet well understood. The e-book has attracted researchers in ion transport and salinity tolerance. We have combined our efforts to achieve a wider, more detailed understanding of salt tolerance in plants mediated by ion transport, to understand present and future ways to modify and manipulate ion transport and salinity tolerance and also to find natural limits for the modifications.

How long is Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Mechanisms and Regulation of Ion Transport?

Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Mechanisms and Regulation of Ion Transport by Vadim Volkov is 243 pages long, and a total of 61,479 words.

This makes it 82% the length of the average book. It also has 75% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Mechanisms and Regulation of Ion Transport Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 5 hours and 35 minutes to read Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Mechanisms and Regulation of Ion Transport aloud.

What Reading Level is Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Mechanisms and Regulation of Ion Transport?

Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Mechanisms and Regulation of Ion Transport is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Mechanisms and Regulation of Ion Transport?

Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Mechanisms and Regulation of Ion Transport by Vadim Volkov is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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