How Long to Read Science and Technology Policy in the United States

How Long Does it Take to Read Science and Technology Policy in the United States?

It takes the average reader 5 hours and 47 minutes to read Science and Technology Policy in the United States by Sylvia Kraemer

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

During the latter half of the twentieth century, federal funding in the United States for scientific research and development increased dramatically. Yet despite the infusion of public funds into research centers, the relationship between public policy and research and development remains poorly understood. How does the federal government attempt to harness scientific knowledge and resources for the nation's economic welfare and competitiveness in the global marketplace? Who makes decisions about controversial scientific experiments, such as genetic engineering and space exploration? Who is held accountable when things go wrong? In this lucidly-written introduction to the topic, Sylvia Kraemer draws upon her extensive experience in government to develop a useful and powerful framework for thinking about the American approach to shaping and managing scientific innovation. Kraemer suggests that the history of science, technology, and politics is best understood as a negotiation of ongoing tensions between open and closed systems. Open systems depend on universal access to information that is complete, verifiable, and appropriately used. Closed systems, in contrast, are composed of unique and often proprietary features, which are designed to control usage. From the Constitution's patent clause to current debates over intellectual property, stem cells, and internet regulation, Kraemer shows the promise-as well as the limits-of open systems in advancing scientific progress as well as the nation's economic vitality.

How long is Science and Technology Policy in the United States?

Science and Technology Policy in the United States by Sylvia Kraemer is 343 pages long, and a total of 86,779 words.

This makes it 116% the length of the average book. It also has 106% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Science and Technology Policy in the United States Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 7 hours and 54 minutes to read Science and Technology Policy in the United States aloud.

What Reading Level is Science and Technology Policy in the United States?

Science and Technology Policy in the United States is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Science and Technology Policy in the United States?

Science and Technology Policy in the United States by Sylvia Kraemer is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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