How Long to Read Scientific Freedom

How Long Does it Take to Read Scientific Freedom?

It takes the average reader 3 hours and 12 minutes to read Scientific Freedom by Donald W. Braben

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

A revolutionary and timely proposal for reinvigorating transformative scientific discovery, written by a preeminent leader in Venture Research. So rich was the scientific harvest of the early 20th century that it transformed entire industries and economies. Max Planck laid the foundation for quantum physics, Barbara McClintock for modern genetics, Linus Pauling for chemistry—the list goes on. In the 1970s, the nature of scientific work started to change. Increases in public funding for scientific research brought demands that spending be justified; a system of peer review that selected only the research proposals promising the greatest returns; and a push for endless short-term miracles instead of in-depth, boundary-pushing research. A vicious spiral of decline began. In Scientific Freedom, Donald W. Braben presents a framework to find and support cutting-edge, much-needed scientific innovation. Braben—who led British Petroleum’s Venture Research initiative, which aimed to identify and aid researchers challenging current scientific thinking—explains: —the conditions that catalyzed scientific research in the early 20th century; —the costs to society of our current research model; —the changing role of the university as a research institution; —how BP’s Venture Research initiative succeeded by minimizing bureaucracy and peer review, and the program’s impact; —the selection, budget, and organizational criteria for implementing a Venture Research program today. Even in the earliest stages, transformative and groundbreaking research can look unrecognizable to those who are accustomed to the patterns established by the past. Support for this research can, in fact, be low risk and offer rich rewards, but it requires rethinking the processes used to discover and sponsor scientists with groundbreaking ideas—and then giving those innovators the freedom to explore. First published in 2008, this new edition of Scientific Freedom is produced in a gorgeous archival quality hardcover with over 30 new illustrations and an up-to-date foreword by Donald Braben.

How long is Scientific Freedom?

Scientific Freedom by Donald W. Braben is 187 pages long, and a total of 48,059 words.

This makes it 63% the length of the average book. It also has 59% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Scientific Freedom Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 4 hours and 22 minutes to read Scientific Freedom aloud.

What Reading Level is Scientific Freedom?

Scientific Freedom is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Scientific Freedom?

Scientific Freedom by Donald W. Braben is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

To buy Scientific Freedom by Donald W. Braben on Amazon click the button below.