How Long to Read Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin's Neuroendocrine System

How Long Does it Take to Read Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin's Neuroendocrine System?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 57 minutes to read Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin's Neuroendocrine System by Andrzej T. Slominski

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The skin, the body’s largest organ, is strategically located at the interface with the external environment where it detects, integrates and responds to a diverse range of stressors, including solar radiation. It has already been established that the skin is an important peripheral neuroendocrine-immune organ that is closely networked with central regulatory systems. These capabilities contribute to the maintenance of peripheral homeostasis. Specifically, epidermal and dermal cells produce and respond to classical stress neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and hormones, production which is stimulated by ultraviolet radiation (UVR), biological factors (infectious and non-infectious) and other physical and chemical agents. Examples of local biologically active products are cytokines, biogenic amines (catecholamines, histamine, serotonin and N-acetyl-serotonin), melatonin, acetylocholine, neuropeptides including pituitary (proopiomelanocortin-derived ACTH, b-endorphin or MSH peptides, thyroid stimulating hormone) and hypothalamic (corticotropin-releasing factor and related urocortins, thyroid-releasing hormone) hormones, as well as enkephalins and dynorphins, thyroid hormones, steroids (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex hormones, 7-δ steroids), secosteroids, opioids and endocannabinoids. The production of these molecules is hierarchical, organized along the algorithms of classical neuroendocrine axes such as the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA), hypothalamic-thyroid axis (HPT), serotoninergic, melatoninergic, catecholaminergic, cholinergic, steroid/secosteroidogenic, opioid and endocannabinoid systems. Disruptions of these axes or of communication between them may lead to skin and/or systemic diseases. These local neuroendocrine networks also serve to limit the effect of noxious environmental agents to preserve local and consequently global homeostasis. Moreover, the skin-derived factors/systems can also activate cutaneous nerve endings to alert the brain to changes in the epidermal or dermal environments, or alternatively to activate other coordinating centers by direct (spinal cord) neurotransmission without brain involvement. Furthermore, rapid and reciprocal communications between epidermal and dermal and adnexal compartments are also mediated by neurotransmission including antidromic modes of conduction. Lastly, skin cells and the skin as an organ coordinate and/or regulate not only peripheral but also global homeostasis.

How long is Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin's Neuroendocrine System?

Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin's Neuroendocrine System by Andrzej T. Slominski is 115 pages long, and a total of 29,325 words.

This makes it 39% the length of the average book. It also has 36% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin's Neuroendocrine System Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 2 hours and 40 minutes to read Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin's Neuroendocrine System aloud.

What Reading Level is Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin's Neuroendocrine System?

Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin's Neuroendocrine System is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin's Neuroendocrine System?

Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin's Neuroendocrine System by Andrzej T. Slominski is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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