How Long to Read Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years?

How Long Does it Take to Read Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years??

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 55 minutes to read Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years? by Leandro Medina

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

We undertake an extended discussion of the latest developments about the existing and new estimation methods of the shadow economy. New results on the shadow economy for 158 countries all over the world are presented over 1991 to 2015. Strengths and weaknesses of these methods are assessed and a critical comparison and evaluation of the methods is carried out. The average size of the shadow economy of the 158 countries over 1991 to 2015 is 31.9 percent. The largest ones are Zimbabwe with 60.6 percent, and Bolivia with 62.3 percent of GDP. The lowest ones are Austria with 8.9 percent, and Switzerland with 7.2 percent. The new methods, especially the new macro method, Currency Demand Approach (CDA) and Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) in a structured hybrid-model based estimation procedure, are promising approaches from an econometric standpoint, alongside some new micro estimates. These estimations come quite close to others used by statistical offices or based on surveys.

How long is Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years??

Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years? by Leandro Medina is 114 pages long, and a total of 28,956 words.

This makes it 38% the length of the average book. It also has 35% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years? Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 2 hours and 38 minutes to read Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years? aloud.

What Reading Level is Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years??

Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years? is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years??

Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years? by Leandro Medina is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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