How Long to Read Solid-state Lasers

How Long Does it Take to Read Solid-state Lasers?

It takes the average reader 4 hours and 11 minutes to read Solid-state Lasers by Thomas O. Hardwell

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

A solid-state laser use and gain medium that is a solid, rather than a liquid such as dye lasers or a gas such as gas lasers. Semiconductor-based lasers are also in the solid state, but are generally considered separately from solid-state lasers. Generally, the active medium of a solid-state laser consists of a glass or crystalline host material to which is added a dopant such as neodymium, chromium, erbium, or other ions. Many of the common dopants are rare earth elements, because the excited states of such ions are not strongly coupled with thermal vibrations of the crystalline lattice (phonons), and the lasing threshold can be reached at relatively low brightness of pump. There are many hundreds of solid-state media in which laser action has been achieved, but relatively few types are in widespread use. Of these, probably the most common type is neodymium doped YAG. Neodymium-doped glass (Nd:glass) and Ytterbium-doped glasses and ceramics are used in solid-state lasers at extremely high power (terawatt scale), high energy (megajoules) multiple beam systems for inertial confinement fusion. Titanium doped sapphire is also widely used for its broad tunability. This book gathers new research in the field.

How long is Solid-state Lasers?

Solid-state Lasers by Thomas O. Hardwell is 246 pages long, and a total of 62,976 words.

This makes it 83% the length of the average book. It also has 77% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Solid-state Lasers Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 5 hours and 44 minutes to read Solid-state Lasers aloud.

What Reading Level is Solid-state Lasers?

Solid-state Lasers is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Solid-state Lasers?

Solid-state Lasers by Thomas O. Hardwell is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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