How Long to Read Spatial Variation in Avian Malaria Prevalence Associated with Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia Capensis) Major Histocompatibility Complex

How Long Does it Take to Read Spatial Variation in Avian Malaria Prevalence Associated with Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia Capensis) Major Histocompatibility Complex?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 19 minutes to read Spatial Variation in Avian Malaria Prevalence Associated with Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia Capensis) Major Histocompatibility Complex by Matthew R. Jones

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Host-parasite interactions are often highly context-dependent. For example, parasite diversity, virulence, or abundance can vary substantially by environment. Spatial heterogeneity in parasite communities may affect the spatial patterns of association between parasites and parasite-defense genes of their hosts. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an essential component of the vertebrate adaptive immune system, involved in pathogen recognition and immune response initiation. Investigating associations between parasite infection and MHC across heterogeneous landscapes may provide insight into selective processes operating on host immune system genes. Avian malaria blood parasites occupy a wide range of environments and can infect birds at high rates. Rufous-collared Sparrows (Zonotrichia capensis) are common Neotropical residents, which inhabit a wide variety of habitats from sea level to 5000 m. In my research I investigated: 1) spatial patterns in avian malaria infection prevalence and the environmental factors correlated with prevalence and 2) associations between avian malaria infection and Z. capensis MHC loci across environmental gradients. A PCR screening for avian malaria infection revealed mid-altitude peaks in infection prevalence for a single Haemoproteus lineage. Infection prevalence was strongly associated with temperature and precipitation variables related to seasonality. I employed next-generation 454 sequencing to investigate variation at Z. capensis MHC and found specific MHC alleles and functional `supertypes' were strongly associated with infection status. The strength of association between these alleles and supertypes and infection varied substantially across altitudinal and latitudinal gradients, consistent with predictions of fluctuating selection, in which spatial variation in parasite diversity, virulence, or abundance creates a dynamic selection landscape on hosts. My research highlights the importance of considering host-parasite systems in the context of their external environment.

How long is Spatial Variation in Avian Malaria Prevalence Associated with Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia Capensis) Major Histocompatibility Complex?

Spatial Variation in Avian Malaria Prevalence Associated with Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia Capensis) Major Histocompatibility Complex by Matthew R. Jones is 77 pages long, and a total of 19,789 words.

This makes it 26% the length of the average book. It also has 24% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Spatial Variation in Avian Malaria Prevalence Associated with Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia Capensis) Major Histocompatibility Complex Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 1 hour and 48 minutes to read Spatial Variation in Avian Malaria Prevalence Associated with Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia Capensis) Major Histocompatibility Complex aloud.

What Reading Level is Spatial Variation in Avian Malaria Prevalence Associated with Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia Capensis) Major Histocompatibility Complex?

Spatial Variation in Avian Malaria Prevalence Associated with Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia Capensis) Major Histocompatibility Complex is suitable for students ages 8 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

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