How Long to Read Steroid Hormones are Rapid Neuromodulators of Social Behavior Via Interactions with a Central Pattern Generator

How Long Does it Take to Read Steroid Hormones are Rapid Neuromodulators of Social Behavior Via Interactions with a Central Pattern Generator?

It takes the average reader 3 hours and 5 minutes to read Steroid Hormones are Rapid Neuromodulators of Social Behavior Via Interactions with a Central Pattern Generator by Luke Russell Remage-Healey

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

A characteristic feature of vertebrates is that steroid hormones fluctuate within minutes in the plasma in response to a social and environmental change. Little is known about how steroid hormones induce rapid (minute-by-minute) shifts in behavior among vertebrates, and it is especially unclear where these effects occur in the brain. This dissertation project combines field and laboratory approaches to test the hypothesis that rapid changes in circulating steroid hormones interact with an identified central pattern generator to produce rapid changes in social behavior. Neurophysiological experiments in two species of sound-producing fish, plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus) and Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) demonstrate that androgens, estrogens and glucocorticoids each induce rapid increases in the activity of a hindbrain-spinal vocal pattern generator. These responses are rapid (within 5 min), sustained (up to 120 min) and steroid-specific, suggesting that steroids interact with vocal motor circuitry through multiple non-genomic binding sites. In addition, the rapid actions of androgens and glucocorticoids are sensitive to nuclear hormone receptor modulators, suggesting a conservation of binding sites for nongenomic and genomic steroid actions. Importantly, these responses are also sex- and species-specific, and therefore these observations have direct implications for understanding the evolution of rapid neuroendocrine mechanisms. Complimentary field playback experiments to nesting male Gulf toadfish in their natural habitat, using stimuli that mimic conspecific advertisement calls, show that androgens and advertisement calling are concurrently elevated within 5-20 min of simulated territorial intrusion. Furthermore, androgens, but not glucocorticoids, delivered noninvasively in food to nesting males also rapidly (within 10 min) elevate advertisement calling. Therefore, rapid androgen surges, which have been observed in all major vertebrate groups in response to aggressive or reproductive stimuli, are now known to cause rapid changes in naturally-occurring social behavior. Together, these laboratory and field-based experiments provide strong evidence that steroid hormones interact with a defined hindbrain-spinal vocal pattern generator to promote fast changes in calling behavior. Given the many shared traits in vertebrate vocal motor systems, we propose that the neuroendocrine principles outlined in these studies have implications for all vocal vertebrates, including birds and mammals.

How long is Steroid Hormones are Rapid Neuromodulators of Social Behavior Via Interactions with a Central Pattern Generator?

Steroid Hormones are Rapid Neuromodulators of Social Behavior Via Interactions with a Central Pattern Generator by Luke Russell Remage-Healey is 179 pages long, and a total of 46,361 words.

This makes it 60% the length of the average book. It also has 57% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Steroid Hormones are Rapid Neuromodulators of Social Behavior Via Interactions with a Central Pattern Generator Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 4 hours and 13 minutes to read Steroid Hormones are Rapid Neuromodulators of Social Behavior Via Interactions with a Central Pattern Generator aloud.

What Reading Level is Steroid Hormones are Rapid Neuromodulators of Social Behavior Via Interactions with a Central Pattern Generator?

Steroid Hormones are Rapid Neuromodulators of Social Behavior Via Interactions with a Central Pattern Generator is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Steroid Hormones are Rapid Neuromodulators of Social Behavior Via Interactions with a Central Pattern Generator?

Steroid Hormones are Rapid Neuromodulators of Social Behavior Via Interactions with a Central Pattern Generator by Luke Russell Remage-Healey is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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