How Long to Read The Effect of Estrogenic Compounds on the Brain Serotonergic System: A Cellular and Molecular Study

How Long Does it Take to Read The Effect of Estrogenic Compounds on the Brain Serotonergic System: A Cellular and Molecular Study?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 51 minutes to read The Effect of Estrogenic Compounds on the Brain Serotonergic System: A Cellular and Molecular Study by Shan Hu

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Serotonin (5-HT) is the primary inhibitor of offensive aggression through its actions at 5-HT1A and/or 5-HT1B receptors, while gonadal steroids play a facilitative role via an androgen- or estrogen-sensitive pathway. The focus of this dissertation was to characterize the cellular mechanisms by which estrogenic compounds modulate the brain serotonergic system. Estrogen could regulate components of the serotonin signaling pathway directly through estrogen receptor (ER) alpha- and/or ERbeta- dependent genomic mechanisms. Alternatively, the effects of estrogen could be conveyed indirectly through intermediate signal transducers. Although estrogenic modulation of ERalpha has been widely studied, the function and regulation of ERbeta in the central nervous system (CNS) remain poorly understood. Western analysis identified two ERbeta isoforms in mouse brain that exhibited differential and region-specific expression patterns. The ubiquitously expressed ERbeta485 (54 kDa) was the only variant detected in mouse and monkey hypothalamus. Neither acute nor extended estradiol treatment significantly altered ERbeta485 protein expression in that region, in either species. The second isoform corresponds to the full-length human ERbeta1 long (ERbeta530, 59 kDa) and displayed significant regional variation. Dietary consumption of supplements rich in isoflavone phytoestrogen revealed little change in steroid receptors and serotonergic marker expression in the brains of aggressive and less aggressive male cynomolgus monkeys. Two notable exceptions were androgen receptor (AR) and progesterone receptor B (PR-B). High isoflavone diet significantly increased PR-B protein levels compared to controls. Lower AR protein expression was observed in more aggressive animals irrespective of diets. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis of gonadally intact male mice fed an isoflavone-rich diet revealed significant reduction in serotonin transporter and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 mRNA expression in the midbrain raphe, suggesting that isoflavones may be an important regulator of serotonergic functions. The characterization and validation of an estrogen response element in the 5-HT1A gene that preferentially interacts with ERbeta in response to estrogenic stimulation provided evidence for a direct molecular link between the estrogenic pathway and the serotonergic signaling cascade. Identification of critical factors in the serotonergic system that are modulated by gonadal steroids significantly enhances the development of an integrative model for the regulation of offensive aggression.

How long is The Effect of Estrogenic Compounds on the Brain Serotonergic System: A Cellular and Molecular Study?

The Effect of Estrogenic Compounds on the Brain Serotonergic System: A Cellular and Molecular Study by Shan Hu is 167 pages long, and a total of 42,919 words.

This makes it 56% the length of the average book. It also has 52% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read The Effect of Estrogenic Compounds on the Brain Serotonergic System: A Cellular and Molecular Study Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 54 minutes to read The Effect of Estrogenic Compounds on the Brain Serotonergic System: A Cellular and Molecular Study aloud.

What Reading Level is The Effect of Estrogenic Compounds on the Brain Serotonergic System: A Cellular and Molecular Study?

The Effect of Estrogenic Compounds on the Brain Serotonergic System: A Cellular and Molecular Study is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

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