How Long to Read The Essential Tension

How Long Does it Take to Read The Essential Tension?

It takes the average reader 6 hours and 30 minutes to read The Essential Tension by Sonya Bahar

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

'The Essential Tension' explores how agents that naturally compete come to act together as a group. The author argues that the controversial concept of multilevel selection is essential to biological evolution, a proposition set to stimulate new debate. The idea of one collective unit emerging from the cooperative interactions of its constituent (and mutually competitive) parts has its roots in the ancient world. More recently, it has illuminated studies of animal behavior, and played a controversial role in evolutionary biology. In Part I, the author explores the historical development of the idea of a collectivity in biological systems, from early speculations on the sociology of human crowd behavior, through the mid-twentieth century debates over the role of group selection in evolution, to the notion of the selfish gene. Part II investigates the balance between competition and cooperation in a range of contemporary biological problems, from flocking and swarming to experimental evolution and the evolution of multicellularity. Part III addresses experimental studies of cooperation and competition, as well as controversial ideas such as the evolution of evolvability and Stephen Jay Gould’s suggestion that “spandrels” at one level of selection serve as possible sources of variability for the next higher level. Finally, building on the foundation established in the preceding chapters, the author arrives at a provocative new proposition: as a result of the essential tension between competition and cooperation, multiple levels may be essential in order for evolutionary processes to occur at all.

How long is The Essential Tension?

The Essential Tension by Sonya Bahar is 378 pages long, and a total of 97,524 words.

This makes it 128% the length of the average book. It also has 119% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read The Essential Tension Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 8 hours and 52 minutes to read The Essential Tension aloud.

What Reading Level is The Essential Tension?

The Essential Tension is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy The Essential Tension?

The Essential Tension by Sonya Bahar is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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