How Long to Read The Inter-dependent Signaling of CGMP and Calcium on Activation of Akt in Murine Osteoblasts

How Long Does it Take to Read The Inter-dependent Signaling of CGMP and Calcium on Activation of Akt in Murine Osteoblasts?

It takes the average reader and 27 minutes to read The Inter-dependent Signaling of CGMP and Calcium on Activation of Akt in Murine Osteoblasts by Trish Phuong Tran

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Osteoporosis is a common bone disease that is characterized by reduced bone strength. Weight bearing and exercise promotes fluid flow through the bone canalicular canal system resulting in fluid shear stress (FSS) which is believed to stimulate osteoblast proliferation and growth. Unfortunately, individuals with osteoporosis may find exercise unsafe due to the risk of suffering bone fracture. This advocates for a treatment that can mimic the effects of mechanical loading and induce osteoblast proliferation. Exposure of osteoblasts to laminar fluid shear stress results in elevation of intracellular calcium leading to increased NO and cGMP synthesis, and activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs). Calcium can exert its anabolic effects in an NO independent signaling pathway. It has been reported that the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating the proliferation of osteoblast-like cells in response to oscillatory fluid shear stress. We used pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA-mediated knockdown to analyze the molecular mechanism by which calcium regulates NO/cGMP/PKGII dependent and independent pathways to activate Akt in murine osteoblasts. We found that FSS-induced Akt activation is dependent on both calcium and NO/cGMP/PKGII signaling pathways. Treatment with 8-pCPT-cGMP or a calcium ionophore mimicked the effects of FSS, and worked additively to increase Akt phosphorylation. FSS-induced Akt phosphorylation via the NO/cGMP/PKGII pathways required Src, whereas calcium signaling required both FAK and Src. Our results establish the role of calcium and NO/cGMP/PKGII pathways in regulating osteoblast proliferation and support using PKG-activating drugs as mechano-mimetics for the treatment of osteoporosis.

How long is The Inter-dependent Signaling of CGMP and Calcium on Activation of Akt in Murine Osteoblasts?

The Inter-dependent Signaling of CGMP and Calcium on Activation of Akt in Murine Osteoblasts by Trish Phuong Tran is 27 pages long, and a total of 6,939 words.

This makes it 9% the length of the average book. It also has 8% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read The Inter-dependent Signaling of CGMP and Calcium on Activation of Akt in Murine Osteoblasts Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes and 37 minutes to read The Inter-dependent Signaling of CGMP and Calcium on Activation of Akt in Murine Osteoblasts aloud.

What Reading Level is The Inter-dependent Signaling of CGMP and Calcium on Activation of Akt in Murine Osteoblasts?

The Inter-dependent Signaling of CGMP and Calcium on Activation of Akt in Murine Osteoblasts is suitable for students ages 8 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

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