How Long to Read The Origins of Federal Support for Higher Education

How Long Does it Take to Read The Origins of Federal Support for Higher Education?

It takes the average reader 4 hours and 16 minutes to read The Origins of Federal Support for Higher Education by Roger L. Williams

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The Origins of Federal Support for Higher Education revises the traditional interpretation of the land-grant college movement, whose institutions were brought into being by the 1862 Morrill Act to provide for "the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes." Rather than being the inevitable consequence of the unfolding dynamic of institutional and socioeconomic forces, Williams argues, it was the active intervention and initiative of a handful of educational leaders that secured the colleges' future—above all, the activities of George W. Atherton. For nearly three decades, Atherton, who was the seventh president of the Pennsylvania State University, worked to secure consistent federal financial support for the colleges, which in their early years received little assistance from the states they were designed to benefit. He also helped to develop the institutions as comprehensive "national" universities grounded in the liberal arts and sciences—a conception that countered the prevailing view of the colleges as mainly agricultural schools. Atherton became the prime mover in the campaign to enact the 1887 Hatch Act, which encouraged the establishment of agricultural experiment stations at land-grant colleges. The act marked the federal government's first effort to provide continuous funding to research units associated with higher education institutions. At the same time, Atherton played a key role in the formation of the first association of such institutions: The Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. It was the Association that provided the critical mass needed to lobby Congress successively and to approach the many opportunities and threats the land-grant colleges faced during the 1885–1906 period. Atherton was also deeply involved in the campaign for the Morrill Act of 1890, which provided long-sought annual appropriations to land-grant colleges for a broad range of academic programs and encouraged steady growth in state support during the 1890s. Roger Williams traces the motives and tactics behind a series of laws that made the federal government irreversibly committed to funding higher education and scientific research and provides rich new insights into the complexities, polarities, and inherent contradictions of the history of the American land-grant movement.

How long is The Origins of Federal Support for Higher Education?

The Origins of Federal Support for Higher Education by Roger L. Williams is 253 pages long, and a total of 64,009 words.

This makes it 85% the length of the average book. It also has 78% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read The Origins of Federal Support for Higher Education Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 5 hours and 49 minutes to read The Origins of Federal Support for Higher Education aloud.

What Reading Level is The Origins of Federal Support for Higher Education?

The Origins of Federal Support for Higher Education is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy The Origins of Federal Support for Higher Education?

The Origins of Federal Support for Higher Education by Roger L. Williams is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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