How Long to Read The Physics and Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae

How Long Does it Take to Read The Physics and Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae?

It takes the average reader 8 hours and 39 minutes to read The Physics and Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae by Grigor A. Gurzadyan

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Planetary nebulae are the classic subject of astrophysics. The physical pro cesses occurring in this highly ionized gaseous medium, the formation of emis sion lines in clearly specified conditions, the continuous emission extending from the far ultraviolet up to infrared and radio frequencies, the generation of exotic forms of radiation predicted by atomic physics, along with methods for deciphering the observed spectra and detecting physical and kinematic parameters of the radiating medium, etc. - all these problems form the solid foundations of the physical theory of gaseous nebulae. They are an essential part of the arsenal of powerful tools and concepts without which one cannot imagine understanding and interpreting the enormous diversity of processes taking place in the Universe - in gaseous envelopes surrounding the stars of various classes, from cool dwarfs and flare stars up to hot supergiants, as well as in stellar chromospheres and coronae, in atmospheres of unstable and anomalous stars, in circumstellar clouds and gaseous shells born in nova and supernova explosions, in diffuse nebulae and the interstellar medium, in interacting binary systems, in galaxies with emission lines, in quasars, etc. The last thirty years have seen a turning-point in our knowledge concern ing the very nature of planetary nebulae (PNs). The radio emission of PNs was discovered after it was predicted theoretically. On the other hand, the powerful infrared emission discovered both in the continuum and in emission lines was never expected.

How long is The Physics and Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae?

The Physics and Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae by Grigor A. Gurzadyan is 513 pages long, and a total of 129,789 words.

This makes it 173% the length of the average book. It also has 159% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read The Physics and Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 11 hours and 49 minutes to read The Physics and Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae aloud.

What Reading Level is The Physics and Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae?

The Physics and Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy The Physics and Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae?

The Physics and Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae by Grigor A. Gurzadyan is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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