How Long to Read The Role and Mechanisms of Double Negative Regulatory T Cells in the Prevention of Cardiac Xenograft Rejection

How Long Does it Take to Read The Role and Mechanisms of Double Negative Regulatory T Cells in the Prevention of Cardiac Xenograft Rejection?

It takes the average reader 6 hours and 10 minutes to read The Role and Mechanisms of Double Negative Regulatory T Cells in the Prevention of Cardiac Xenograft Rejection by Wenhao Chen

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

We have previously identified peripheral alphabetaTCR+CD3 +CD4-CD8- double negative (DN) T cells as a distinct Treg subset. DN Tregs obtained from allograft-tolerant mice can suppress/kill anti-donor T cells in vitro in an antigen specific manner and prolong donor-specific allograft survival in recipient mice following adoptive transfer. In this thesis, I studied the role of DN Tregs in the prevention of organ xenograft rejection. I used a rat-to-mouse cardiac xenotransplantation model, in which CD4+ T cells play a critical role in rejecting xenografts since CD4+ T cell-deficient (CD4-/- ) mice failed to reject rat hearts. I demonstrate that a combination treatment of pretransplant donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) and a short course of anti-CD4 depleting mAb, but not anti-CD4 mAb alone, induced permanent rat-heart survival in wild type mice. Adoptive transfer CD4+ T cells from DLI/anti-CD4-treated xenograft-accepted mice can induce rejection of rat hearts in CD4-/- mice, indicating the presence of functional anti-donor CD4 + T cells in xenograft-accepted mice. Interestingly, the number of DN Tregs was significantly increased in the secondary lymphoid organs of DLI/anti-CD4-treated xenografted mice when compared to that of anti-CD4-alone treated recipients. DN Tregs isolated from the secondary lymphoid organs of DLI/anti-CD4-, but not anti-CD4-, treated xenografted mice could suppress the in vitro proliferation of anti-donor CD4+ T cells in an antigen-specific manner. In addition, when the number and phenotype of graft-infiltrating cells were compared between anti-CD4- and DLI/anti-CD4-treated groups, I observed a significant increase in both the number and suppressive activity of DN Tregs in the xenografts of DLI/anti-lCD4-treated mice. Thus, DN Tregs may be involved in controlling anti-xenograft CD4+ T cell responses in both secondary lymphoid organs and xenografts. Furthermore, adoptive transfer DN Tregs from xenograft-accepted mice significantly inhibited the in vivo proliferation and cytokine production of transferred naive CD4+ T cells, and prevented transferred CD4+ T cell-mediated rejection of rat cardiac xenografts in CD4-/- mice. These data provide in vivo evidence that DN Tregs are able to control anti-xenograft CD4+ T cell responses. Taken together, I have shown that suppression of anti-donor CD4+ T cells by DN Tregs contributes to the maintenance of xenograft survival.

How long is The Role and Mechanisms of Double Negative Regulatory T Cells in the Prevention of Cardiac Xenograft Rejection?

The Role and Mechanisms of Double Negative Regulatory T Cells in the Prevention of Cardiac Xenograft Rejection by Wenhao Chen is 370 pages long, and a total of 92,500 words.

This makes it 125% the length of the average book. It also has 113% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read The Role and Mechanisms of Double Negative Regulatory T Cells in the Prevention of Cardiac Xenograft Rejection Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 8 hours and 25 minutes to read The Role and Mechanisms of Double Negative Regulatory T Cells in the Prevention of Cardiac Xenograft Rejection aloud.

What Reading Level is The Role and Mechanisms of Double Negative Regulatory T Cells in the Prevention of Cardiac Xenograft Rejection?

The Role and Mechanisms of Double Negative Regulatory T Cells in the Prevention of Cardiac Xenograft Rejection is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

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