How Long to Read The Warburg Effect Controls Cell Growth and Differentiation by Altering N-glycosylation

How Long Does it Take to Read The Warburg Effect Controls Cell Growth and Differentiation by Altering N-glycosylation?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 47 minutes to read The Warburg Effect Controls Cell Growth and Differentiation by Altering N-glycosylation by Lindsey Renee Araujo

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Rapidly proliferating cells such as T cells undergo the Warburg effect [1-3], a long-standing and poorly understood phenomenon that increases glucose uptake yet paradoxically reduces energy from glucose via a switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. This has been rationalized as increased requirements for glucose-derived metabolites in biomass generation and/or limiting oxidative stress [4-7]. Asn (N)-linked protein glycosylation requires glucose and multiple glucose-derived sugars [8], yet surprisingly this pathway has not been investigated as a target of the Warburg effect. Here we report that the Warburg effect drives T cell growth and differentiation by controlling glucose flux to Golgi N-glycosylation. Branched N-glycans regulate the concentration and signaling of multiple surface receptors and transporters simultaneously to coordinate cellular and disease phenotypes [8-20]. Branching depends on UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis via the hexosamine pathway [10, 11, 21, 22], a competitor of glycolysis for fructose-6-phosphate. In glycolytic T cells, the hexosamine pathway is starved of fructose-6-phosphate by glycolysis, limiting de novo UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis and N-glycan branching dependent IL-2 receptor-Îł (CD25) surface retention. Restoring branching or UDP-GlcNAc levels via salvage of N-acetylglucosamine does not alter the glycolytic state yet inhibits T cell growth and switches cell fate from pro-inflammatory TH17 to anti-inflammatory induced T regulatory (iTreg) cells by restoring CD25 surface expression. Forcing oxidative phosphorylation inhibits growth and drives iTreg over TH17 differentiation by raising branching, demonstrating that glycolysis is not required for growth/differentiation control beyond its regulation of branching. Thus, the Warburg effect primarily targets N-glycosylation via altered glucose flux to control T cell growth and differentiation.

How long is The Warburg Effect Controls Cell Growth and Differentiation by Altering N-glycosylation?

The Warburg Effect Controls Cell Growth and Differentiation by Altering N-glycosylation by Lindsey Renee Araujo is 105 pages long, and a total of 26,775 words.

This makes it 35% the length of the average book. It also has 33% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read The Warburg Effect Controls Cell Growth and Differentiation by Altering N-glycosylation Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 2 hours and 26 minutes to read The Warburg Effect Controls Cell Growth and Differentiation by Altering N-glycosylation aloud.

What Reading Level is The Warburg Effect Controls Cell Growth and Differentiation by Altering N-glycosylation?

The Warburg Effect Controls Cell Growth and Differentiation by Altering N-glycosylation is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy The Warburg Effect Controls Cell Growth and Differentiation by Altering N-glycosylation?

The Warburg Effect Controls Cell Growth and Differentiation by Altering N-glycosylation by Lindsey Renee Araujo is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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