How Long to Read Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography

How Long Does it Take to Read Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography?

It takes the average reader 13 hours and 12 minutes to read Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography by Gerhard Fischer

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Paleoceanographic proxies provide infonnation for reconstructions of the past, including climate changes, global and regional oceanography, and the cycles of biochemical components in the ocean. These prox ies are measurable descriptors for desired but unobservable environmental variables such as tempera ture, salinity, primary productivity, nutrient content, or surface-water carbon dioxide concentrations. The proxies are employed in a manner analogous to oceanographic methods. The water masses are first characterized according to their specific physical and chemical properties, and then related to particular assemblages of certain organisms or to particular element or isotope distributions. We have a long-standing series of proven proxies available. Marine microfossil assemblages, for instance, are employed to reconstruct surface-water temperatures. The calcareous shells of planktonic and benthic microorgan isms contain a wealth of paleoceanographic information in their isotopic and elemental compositions. Stable oxygen isotope measurements are used to detennine ice volume, and MglCa ratios are related to water temperatures, to cite a few examples. Organic material may also provide valuable infonnation, e. g. , about past productivity conditions. Studying the stable carbon isotope composition of bulk organic matter or individual marine organic components may provide a measure of past surface-water CO 2 conditions within the bounds of certain assumptions. Within the scope of paleoceanographic investigations, the existing proxies are continuously evolving and improving, while new proxies are being studied and developed. The methodology is improved by analysis of samples from the water column and surface sediments, and through laboratory experiments.

How long is Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography?

Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography by Gerhard Fischer is 768 pages long, and a total of 198,144 words.

This makes it 259% the length of the average book. It also has 242% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 18 hours and 2 minutes to read Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography aloud.

What Reading Level is Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography?

Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography?

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