How Long to Read Wood Decay Pathology and Studies of Orchard Longevity in California Almond and Prune Orchards

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Description

Wood decay fungi are found wherever there is wood. California's Central Valley has more than 4 million acres of perennial tree and vine crops. With the exception of Armillaria, few studies have attempted to describe wood-decay diseases in these fruit and nut crops. Previous studies that have sought to document wood-decay diseases in orchard crops were primarily surveys of fungal diversity across a large number of host species and provided little understanding about their biology and epidemiology. The purpose of our studies were to re-examine wood decay diseases across almond and prune orchards, identify the problematic fungal species and describe the disease phenomena such that control and management strategies can be designed and evaluated. Almond orchards occupy 1.5 million acres in the central valley and are one of the state's most valuable crops. In almond orchards, previous surveys for wood decay fungi identified Ganoderma and Fomitopsis as the most prevalent wood decay genera, both of which are known to cause a root and butt rot. We investigated reports of decay related tree failures in 75 almond orchards in 11 counties throughout California's Central Valley. Seven genera of wood decay fungi were found associated with root and butt failures, the majority were Ganoderma species and a majority of reports were in the southern almond growing region. Ganoderma was identified to the species level using GenBank searches and construction of a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences from Ganoderma isolates obtained from orchards and from non-agricultural hosts. Ganoderma isolates from orchards fell into three clades. Ganoderma adspersum, previously unreported in California, constituted a majority of isolates from orchards and grouped into a clade with GenBank accessions from Europe and Asia. The remaining orchard isolates grouped in either the G. brownii/G. australe complex or the G. polychromum clade, both of which also contained isolates from non-agricultural hosts in California. Koch's postulates confirmed that G. adspersum is capable of causing decay in almond trees and laboratory decay rate comparison trials showed that G. adspersum caused significantly more mass loss in Prunus wood blocks than did other Ganoderma species. Observations indicate that infections begin at or below the soil line and somatic incompatibility trials of isolates from nearby trees indicate spores are the primary inoculum. Prunes have been commercially grown in California for more than a century and prune production and processing are important to local economies, especially in the Sacramento Valley. In recent decades, wood decay has emerged as a significant threat to the industry by reducing orchard longevity. However, little information is available about the incidence and severity of wood decay, therefore effective management and control strategies are lacking. Over the course of three years, we conducted systematic surveys of wood-decay fungi in 35 prune orchards throughout the Sacramento Valley. We determined disease severity in individual trees and the incidence of infection within orchard blocks across multiple age classes. Using these data, we created a model of disease progress. In this work we found the ubiquitous presence of Phellinus heart-rot throughout Sacramento Valley prune orchards, resulting in substantial limb breakage. Infections were associated with pruning wounds and began to appear in orchards as young as 7-years, with 50% or more trees infected by age 15. This study shows that control and management strategies must focus on prevention rather than eradication. In order to understand the impact of a disease that impacts orchard longevity, a clear understanding of orchard lifespan was needed. Almond orchards are generally considered a sound and productive financial investment, driving the continued expansion of the industry. Orchard lifespan is a primary determinant of orchard environmental and economic performance; however, prior estimates of lifespan have typically relied on expert consensus rather than empirical data. We utilized GIS datasets of orchard area and planting date and publicly available historical aerial images to determine average age at orchard removal for the three primary almond production regions of California (Sacramento Valley, San Joaquin Valley, and Tulare Lake Basin). Our analysis indicates that generally accepted expectations for orchard productive lifespan were inaccurate in two of the three production regions. Our statistical analysis has demonstrated that while orchards in the San Joaquin Valley generally conformed with previous assumptions, mean age at removal was significantly lower than expected in both the Sacramento Valley and the Tulare Lake Basin.

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