It takes the average reader 2 hours and 39 minutes to read A Review of Blastozoan Echinoderm Respiratory Structures by Sarah L. Sheffield
Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more
Echinoderms have evolved diverse and disparate morphologies throughout the Phanerozoic. Among them, blastozoans, an extinct group of echinoderms that were an important component of Paleozoic marine ecosystems, are primarily subdivided into groups based on the morphology of respiratory structures. However, systematic and phylogenetic research from the past few decades have shown that respiratory structures in blastozoans are not group-defining and they have re-evolved throughout echinoderm evolution. This Element provides a review of the research involving blastozoan respiratory structures, along with research concerning the morphology, paleoecology, and ontogeny of each of the major groupings of blastozoans as it relates to their corresponding respiratory structures. Areas of future research in these groups are also highlighted.
A Review of Blastozoan Echinoderm Respiratory Structures by Sarah L. Sheffield is 156 pages long, and a total of 39,936 words.
This makes it 53% the length of the average book. It also has 49% more words than the average book.
The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 38 minutes to read A Review of Blastozoan Echinoderm Respiratory Structures aloud.
A Review of Blastozoan Echinoderm Respiratory Structures is suitable for students ages 10 and up.
Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.
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