It takes the average reader 11 hours and 8 minutes to read Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges by Juha-Pekka Tuovinen
Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more
The air pollution load to northern European forests is changing as a result of emission reductions. Climate change modifies this load, either directly via atmospheric processes or indirectly by affecting emission patterns. We estimate the risk of harmful effects due to tropospheric ozone and nitrogen deposition in present and future conditions. Our modelling results show that critical levels are exceeded in northern Europe for both ozone and nitrogen. Emission reductions will reduce the vegetation stress, but climate change is likely to have an opposite effect. While tropospheric ozone is reduced, its phytotoxic dose increases due to atmospheric warming. The amplified warming in the Arctic may significantly enhance shipping emissions. The effect of these increases extends to the boreal region. In addition, we review recent literature on the interactions between climate change and air quality, and discuss the assessment of pollution risks and carbon stocks and related synergies in emission control.
Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges by Juha-Pekka Tuovinen is 648 pages long, and a total of 167,184 words.
This makes it 219% the length of the average book. It also has 204% more words than the average book.
The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 15 hours and 13 minutes to read Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges aloud.
Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges is suitable for students ages 12 and up.
Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.
When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.
Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges by Juha-Pekka Tuovinen is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.
To buy Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges by Juha-Pekka Tuovinen on Amazon click the button below.
Buy Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges on Amazon