How Long to Read Clusters of Galaxies: Beyond the Thermal View

How Long Does it Take to Read Clusters of Galaxies: Beyond the Thermal View?

It takes the average reader to read Clusters of Galaxies: Beyond the Thermal View by Jelle Kaastra

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Description

The existence of soft excess emission originating from clusters of galaxies, de ned as em- sion detected below 1 keV in excess over the usual thermal emission from hot intracluster gas (hereafter the ICM) has been claimed since 1996. Soft excesses are particularly - portant to detect because they may (at least partly) be due to thermal emission from the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium, where as much as half of the baryons of the Universe could be. They are therefore of fundamental cosmological importance. Soft excess emission has been observed (and has also given rise to controversy) in a number of clusters, mainly raising the following questions: (1) Do clusters really show a soft excess? (2) If so, from what spatial region(s) of the cluster does the soft excess or- inate? (3) Is this excess emission thermal, originating from warm-hot intergalactic gas (at 6 temperatures of?10 K), or non-thermal, in which case several emission mechanisms have been proposed. Interestingly, some of the non-thermal mechanisms suggested to account for soft excess emission can also explain the hard X-ray emission detected in some clusters, for example by RXTE and BeppoSAX (also see Petrosian et al. 2008—Chap. 10, this issue; Rephaeli et al. 2008—Chap. 5, this issue).

How long is Clusters of Galaxies: Beyond the Thermal View?

Clusters of Galaxies: Beyond the Thermal View by Jelle Kaastra is 0 pages long, and a total of 0 words.

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The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes to read Clusters of Galaxies: Beyond the Thermal View aloud.

What Reading Level is Clusters of Galaxies: Beyond the Thermal View?

Clusters of Galaxies: Beyond the Thermal View is suitable for students ages 2 and up.

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