How Long to Read Inflammation in Respiratory and Neurological Diseases and the immune-interaction of the lung-brain axis

How Long Does it Take to Read Inflammation in Respiratory and Neurological Diseases and the immune-interaction of the lung-brain axis?

It takes the average reader 3 hours and 44 minutes to read Inflammation in Respiratory and Neurological Diseases and the immune-interaction of the lung-brain axis by Xiaohuan Xia

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Despite great advances in diagnosis and treatment that we witnessed in the last decades, over a billion people suffer from both respiratory and neurological diseases each year, which poses great threats to the public health and economic burden worldwide. In many instances, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are still poorly understood, which significantly limits the efficacy of therapeutic methods. In this regard, lines of evidence pinpoint the important role of immunity and inflammation in both respiratory disorders (e.g., pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, etc.) and neurological ones (e.g., neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, depression, etc.). The accumulation of inflammatory cells and an excess of cytokines and chemokines at the inflammatory site would result from the disturbance of the body's delicate balance between immunity and tolerance. Therefore, it gives rise to chronic inflammation and autoimmunity underlying the development of both lung and neurological diseases. Furthermore, the inflammation interaction between lung and brain has been identified, suggesting the existence and importance of the lung-brain axis in the regulation of immune responses in the lung and brain that contribute to the onset and progression of both respiratory and neurological diseases. Nevertheless, inflammatory or immunity related risk factors as well novel targets and therapies against inflammation or immunity help early diagnosis and treatment of respiratory and neurological diseases. At present, the full picture of the molecular mechanisms of how immuno-inflammatory activation and the immune cells orchestrate the tissue remodeling leading to respiratory and neurological diseases remains unclear. The identification of inflammatory molecules as therapeutic targets or biomarkers are worth further scrutiny to halt the disease progression and monitor the therapeutic interventions.

How long is Inflammation in Respiratory and Neurological Diseases and the immune-interaction of the lung-brain axis?

Inflammation in Respiratory and Neurological Diseases and the immune-interaction of the lung-brain axis by Xiaohuan Xia is 218 pages long, and a total of 56,244 words.

This makes it 74% the length of the average book. It also has 69% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Inflammation in Respiratory and Neurological Diseases and the immune-interaction of the lung-brain axis Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 5 hours and 7 minutes to read Inflammation in Respiratory and Neurological Diseases and the immune-interaction of the lung-brain axis aloud.

What Reading Level is Inflammation in Respiratory and Neurological Diseases and the immune-interaction of the lung-brain axis?

Inflammation in Respiratory and Neurological Diseases and the immune-interaction of the lung-brain axis is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Inflammation in Respiratory and Neurological Diseases and the immune-interaction of the lung-brain axis?

Inflammation in Respiratory and Neurological Diseases and the immune-interaction of the lung-brain axis by Xiaohuan Xia is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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